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Technical Papers – 2026

Papers sorted alphabetically by title. Use CTRL F to search on this page, or the search option in the side-bar for the whole library. View Archive Programs

If citing a paper from the 2026 AMOS Conference proceedings archive, please provide proper attribution by referencing: Copyright © 2026 Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference (AMOS) – www.amostech.com (use DOI number instead if available)

A Critical Assessment of Space Data Message Standards and Their Application to Space Force and Partner Missions
Daniel Tippie, MD2/2STS; Daniel Oltrogge, COMSPOC; David Vallado, COMSPOC; Salvatore Alfano, COMSPOC; Larry Bormuth, HQ USSF/S6D

Keywords: Messaging, formats, complexity, USSF, NASA, DOC, NATO, JAXA, MDA, DIA, NOAA, ESA, commercial, SDA, astrodynamics, sensor tasking, intelligence, reconnaissance, catalog maintenance, sensor orchestration

A Feasibility Study on Scientific Machine Learning in Detecting and Characterising Satellite Manoeuvres
Olivia Widjaja, University of New South Wales Canberra; Melrose Brown, University of New South Wales Canberra; Michael Lachut, EOS Space Systems

Keywords: Manoeuvre detection, orbit determination, characterisation, machine learning

A Hybrid Orbital-Socio-Technical Framework for Context-Aware Threat Assessment in Space Domain Awareness
Tiffany Phan, University of Texas Austin; Moriba Jah, University of Texas Austin

Keywords: hybrid modeling, contextual analysis, situational awareness, threat assessment, decision support

A Physics-Informed Model of Radiation-Induced Tissue Remodeling Dynamics Linking Cumulative Exposure to Directional Stiffness for Longitudinal State Monitoring in Spaceflight
Md Walid Hassan, University of Hawai‘i at Manoa

Keywords: Radiation-induced fibrosis, Space radiation environment, Tissue remodeling dynamics, Acoustic radiation force, Directional anisotropy, Physics-informed modeling, Situational awareness

A Power-Scalable, Spectrally Engineered Sodium Guide Star Laser Platform Enabling Polychromatic Tip/Tilt-Resolved Beacons
Armin Zach, TOPTICA Projects; Martin Enderlein, TOPTICA Projects; Manuel Brekenfeld, TOPTICA Projects; Dominik Lentrodt, TOPTICA Projects; Leonid Yatsenko, TOPTICA Projects; Sebastian Hepp, TOPTICA Projects; Georg Heinze, TOPTICA Projects; Konstantin Holzner, TOPTICA Projects; Bernhard Ernstberger, TOPTICA Projects; Bernward Dimke, TOPTICA Projects; Philipp Putzer, TOPTICA Projects; Alexander Niggebaum, TOPTICA Projects; Tobias Mayer, TOPTICA Projects; Christopher Renkl, TOPTICA Projects; Frank Lison, TOPTICA Projects; Thomas Tongue, TOPTICA Photonics Inc

Keywords: sodium, guide star, laser, coherent combining, polychromatic, tip, tilt, daytime operation, FSOC, SDA, SSA, uplink, adaptive optics,

A Practical Trade Assessment of Cislunar Space Surveillance Orbits
Warren Soh, Honeywell Aerospace; Emma Ellsworth, Honeywell Aerospace; Udai Bindra, Honeywell Aerospace; Edgar Madril, Honeywell Aerospace; Jeff McDonald, Honeywell Aerospace; Xia Wu, Honeywell Aerospace

Keywords: Cislunar Space Surveillance, Space Debris, Orbit Trade

A Repeatable Code World Model Assistant for Orbital Debris Governance and Mitigation
Tyler Barr, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Kyah Adams, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Di Wu, Embry- Riddle Aeronautical University

Keywords: orbital debris, Space Situational Awareness, Monte Carlo simulation, debris environment modeling, policy compliance, quantitative governance, explainable AI, large language models, Code World Model, decision support

A Requirements Blueprint for a Composable Semantic Model of Satellite Behavior
H. Liz Solera, Massachusetts Institute of Technology ; Jacob Zelko, University of Saskatchewan; Richard Linares, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Keywords: Big Data Analytics, Satellite Behavior Characterization, Data Fusion, SDA System Interoperability, Data Sharing

A Transformer-Based Framework for Generalized Maneuver Detection and Reconstruction
Matteo Rosa, Politecnico di Milano; Gaetano Calabrò, Politecnico di Milano; Pierluigi Di Lizia, Politecnico di Milano

Keywords: Satellite maneuver detection; Space Domain Awareness (SDA); Space Situational Awareness (SSA); Transformer neural networks; Attention mechanisms; Two-Line Elements (TLE); Low Earth Orbit (LEO); Supervised learning; Orbital dynamics; Data-driven modeling.

Advancing Cislunar SSA/SDA: Autonomous Distributed Data Communication Scheduling and Link Optimization
Richard Stottler, Stottler Henke Associates, Inc.; Rakshith Mandayam, Stottler Henke Associates, Inc.; Brandon Liu, Stottler Henke Associates, Inc.; William Lin, Stottler Henke Associates, Inc.

Keywords: Space Situational Awareness (SSA), Space Domain Awareness (SDA), Cislunar, Routing Protocol, Link Optimization, Delay/Disruption Tolerant Network (DTN), Scheduling, Reinforcement Learning (RL), Communication Network

Adversarial Satellite Maneuver Prediction using Historical Pattern of Life and Hybrid Machine Learning
Rithwik Neelakantan, Digantara; Mridul Songara, Digantara; Latha S, Digantara; Tanveer Ahmed, Digantara; Anirudh Sharma, Digantara Industries

Keywords: Satellite Maneuver Pattern of Life, Maneuver Prediction, Battlespace Characterisation

All-Sky Astronomical Surveys for Automated Cislunar SSA
Gregory Sallaberry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Robert Armstrong, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Nathan Golovich, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Alex Geringer-Sameth, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Luc Peterson, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Rishay Jain, University of California Berkeley & Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Ziad Ramadan, University of California Berkeley & Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Keywords: Astronomy, Computing, Big Data, Survey, Cislunar, Ground-Based

An Edge Computing Image Reduction and Moving Object Detection Pipeline for Autonomous Space-Based SDA
Alex Geringer-Sameth, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Nathan Golovich, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Kshitij Bhardwaj, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Keywords: Image processing, astrometry, photometry, track-before-detect, image stacking, image simulation, edge computing, space sensing, GPU, Nvidia Orin, Nvidia Jetson, on-board processing

An Observability-Driven Architecture for Orbit and Telescope Selection in Cislunar Space-Based Surveillance
Chingiz Akniyazov, University of Auckland; Roberto Armellin, University of Auckland; Aleksander Serebryanskiy, Fesenkov Astrophysical Institute

Keywords: Cislunar SDA, Astrodynamics, Space Based Surveillance, Telescope Design, Optical Sensing, Space Domain Awareness, Sensors, CR3BP, Orbit Selection, Space Object Detection

Analysis of Polarization Signatures from Geostationary Satellites
Gavin Unterreiner, United States Air Force Academy; Michael Plummer, United States Air Force Academy; Francis Chun, United States Air Force Academy; David Strong, Strong EO Imaging, Inc.; Timothy Giblin, i2 Strategic Services LLC

Keywords: Polarization, Geosynchronous Satellite Characterization, Small Telescopes

Angles-Only Orbit Determination with CMOS and Event-Based Optical Measurements: An Experimental Assessment across Orbital Regimes
Francisca Parra, Air Force Institute of Technology; Glenn Nestell, Air Force Institute of Technology; Rachel Oliver, Air Force Institute of Technology

Keywords: Optical Tracking, Space Domain Awareness (SDA), Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), Geostationary Orbit (GEO), Event-Based Sensors (EBC), Cooperative Active Sensing, Orbit Determination, Ground-Based Optical Systems

Anomalous Actor Detection Using Self-Similarity of Multi-Resolution Temporal Sequences
David Witman, Slingshot Aerospace; Timothy Olson, Slingshot Aerospace; Clarice Reid, Slingshot Aerospace; Belinda Marchand, Slingshot Aerospace; Adrian Thompson, Slingshot Aerospace

Keywords: Anomaly detection, Time Series, LEO, GEO, Optical Systems, Modeling, Data Analysis, Machine Learning

Argus: Satellite Streak Detection with a Frozen Vision Transformer Backbone
Zachary Phaneuf, Cloudstone Innovations; Nathan Toner, Cloudstone Innovations

Keywords: Detection, localization, machine learning, vision transformer, wide field of view, surveillance

Assessing Space Debris Observability: Measurement Uncertainty and Software Dataflow Considerations
Marthe D'Hooghe, arcsec; Céline Dubron, arcsec

Keywords: Dataflow Architecture, Modeling, Space Debris, Space Environment, Space Situational Awareness, Integrating Diverse Data, SSA Instrumentation Development

Assessing Space Object Interactions in Low Earth Orbit Using Conceptual Spaces
Benjamin Reifler, University of Texas Austin; Cedric Petion, University of Texas Austin; Brandon Jones, University of Texas Austin

Keywords: space situational awareness, conceptual spaces, soft information

Assessing the Environmental Consequences of a Large-Scale Breakup Event in Cislunar Space: NRHO and ELFO Case Studies
Nicolò Trabacchin, University of Padova; Giorgio Faggian, University of Padova; Valerio Pavan, University of Padova; Lorenzo Olivieri, University of Padova; Giacomo Colombatti, University of Padova

Keywords: Space Debris, Cislunar Space, Fragmentation, Explosion, NRHO, ELFO

Assessing Trackability in the Cislunar Domain: Methodological Foundations for Reliable Space Object Tracking
Nicolò Trabacchin, University of Padova; Jan Siminski, ESA/ESOC; Lorenzo Olivieri, University of Padova

Keywords: Cislunar, Tracking, Surveillance, Space Debris, Initial Orbit Determination

ASTRA-Net: A Hybrid CNN Detection and Poisson Labeled Multi-Bernoulli Tracking Framework for SSA using Star Trackers
Thijs Verhaeghe, Royal Military Academy; Ben Lauwens, Royal Military Academy; Bart De Clerck, Royal Military Academy; Dirk Vandepitte, Ku Leuven; Bart Vandenbussche, Ku Leuven; Tjorven Delabie, arcsec Space

Keywords: Space Domain Awareness (SDA), Star Trackers, Space Debris, Onboard Processing, Deep Learning, STar-DETR, Poisson Labeled Multi-Bernoulli (PLMB), Multi-Object Tracking, Random Finite Sets (RFS), Edge Intelligence, Low-SNR Detection, Space-Based Optical

Automated On-Demand High-Resolution Low-Latency Space-to-Space Imagery for SDA
Neil Dhingra, BlackSky; Nicholas Geraci, BlackSky; Alexander Smith, BlackSky; Pauly Cabellon, BlackSky; Ken Carnemolla, BlackSky; Ethan Dederick, BlackSky; Alexa Erdogan, BlackSky; Katelyn Fobes, BlackSky; Chris Gates, BlackSky; Kyle Gulette, BlackSky; Alyssa Hollander, BlackSky; Deep Inamdar, BlackSky; Ian Jonesi, BlackSky; Jesse Miller, BlackSky; Andrew Steen, BlackSky; Jessica Turner, BlackSky

Keywords: Space-based, space-to-space, automated, low-latency, high-resolution, optimization

Autonomous Inspection of a Tumbling Satellite in Low Earth Orbit
Afrah Ghedira, University of Colorado Boulder; Hanspeter Schaub, University of Colorado Boulder

Keywords: Autonomous spacecraft inspection, Spinning resident space object, Impulsive guidance; Proximity operations, Reinforcement learning, Semi-Markov decision process

Autonomous Satellite Maneuver Analysis Using Domain Ontology and LLM-Based Reasoning
Jaedong Seong, Korea Aerospace Research Institute; Saehan Song, Korea Aerospace Research Institute; Seo-Eun Lee, Korea Aerospace Research Institute; Okchul Jung, Korea Aerospace Research Institute

Keywords: Space Domain Awareness, Ontology, Autonomous Analysis, Maneuver Detection, Large Language Model, TLE, SGP4, Rule-Based Reasoning

Benchmarking Space Object Characterization Utilities
Darren McKnight, LeoLabs; Shriharsh Tendulkar, LeoLabs; Erin Dale, LeoLabs; Ivan Sheu, LeoLabs; Owen Marshall, LeoLabs; Alejandro Londono, LeoLabs; Ashton Reimer, LeoLabs; Jim Shell, Novarum Tech, LLC; Victor Gardner, Proxima Aerospace; Kevin Kloster, Albedo; Ryan Shepperd, Iridium

Keywords: object characterization. MASINT, target signatures

Benchmarking Structural-Change Localization in Turbulence-Degraded Satellite Imagery
Enrique De Alba, EO Solutions; Kimmy De Alba, USSF SSC A&AS; Zach Gazak, USSF SSC A&AS; Justin Fletcher, USSF SC A&AS

Keywords: Space Domain Awareness, Electro-Optical Imaging, Tracked Satellite Imagery, Anomaly Detection, Component Classification, Satellite Damage Detection

Beyond Homotopy Path Explosion: Fusing Deep Learning with Algebraic Geometry for Noise-Robust Angles-Only Orbit Determination
Jun Yoshida, NEC Corporation; Taichiro Sano, NEC Corporation; Daiki Mori, NEC Corporation; Katsuaki Taya, NEC Corporation

Keywords: Initial Orbit Determination (IOD), Angles-Only Observation, Geostationary Orbit (GEO), Space Domain Awareness (SDA), Hybrid Neural-Algebraic Approach, Algebraic Geometry, Homotopy Continuation Method, Deep Learning, Noise Robustness, Space Debris

Boosting On-Sky RSO Detection Performance by Optimizing Simulated Imagery for Machine Learning
David Chaparro, EO Solutions; Kevin Phan, EO Solutions; Enrique De Alba, EO Solutions; Zach Gazak, SSC/SYD 85/BI A&AS

Keywords: Fine Tuning, Simulated Datasets, Satellite Detection, Pretraining, task-informed weight initialization,

BRAHE Telescope System (Beyond suRveillance for spAce risk of the Korean High Earth orbit region): A Ground-Based Optical Surveillance System for the Korean High Earth Orbit Region
Jin Choi, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; Jung Hyun Jo, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; Dong-Goo Roh, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; Myungjin Kim, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; Hong-Suh Yim, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; Sung-Yeol Yu, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; Yeon-Kil Jung, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; Eun-Jung Choi, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

Keywords: SSA, High Earth orbit, optical tracking

Chance-Constrained Belief-Space Maneuver Planning for Autonomous Collision Avoidance Under Uncertainty
Grace Kim, Stanford University; Duncan Eddy, Stanford University; Mykel Kochenderfer, Stanford University

Keywords: Conjunction avoidance, probability of collision, belief-space planning, chance constraints, Monte Carlo tree search, autonomous maneuvering, space traffic management, probability of collision

Characterization of GNSS Interference in LEO over Europe
Kian Bostani Nezhad, Technical University of Denmark; Kristian Aalling Soerensen, Technical University of Denmark; Henning Heiselberg, Technical University of Denmark; Hasse Bülow Pedersen, Technical University of Denmark

Keywords: GNSS, Jamming, GNSS interference, LEO, Precise Orbit Determination, LEO, In-orbit GNSS, GNSS RFI

Characterization of the SCION Visible Sensitive InGaAs Camera for Broadband VIS to SWIR Imaging
Sebastian Remi, Teledyne; Kevin Kearney, Eoptic; Paul Mark, Teledyne

Keywords: VisGaAs, InGaAs FPA, SWIR, Dark Current, Uniformity, photodiode Array,

Characterizing Tumbling Space Debris Using Unresolved Light Curve and Space Debris Laser Ranging Measurements
Liam Robinson, Purdue University; Carolin Frueh, Purdue University; Daniel Hampf, DiGOS

Keywords: Light curve, space object characterization, space debris laser ranging, data fusion, inverse problem, shape determination, attitude determination

Classical to Neural: Quantitative Assessment of Detection Processing Architectures for Dim-Object Detection Across Space Surveillance and Adjacent Sensing Domains
Christopher Grant, Hyperion Vector Systems

Keywords: detection algorithms, neural networks, quantization, classical processing, DCNN, space domain awareness, edge deployment, model optimization, processing architecture comparison, infrared detection, dim-object detection

Combining Agnostic Light Curve Inversion Methods for the Reconnaissance of LEO Objects
Stefan Scharring, German Aerospace Center (DLR); Tristan Meyer, German Aerospace Center (DLR); Nils Bartels, German Aerospace Center (DLR); Wolfgang Riede, German Aerospace Center (DLR)

Keywords: Light Curve, Photometry, Light Curve Inversion, Rotational State, Epoch Method, Photometric Pattern Method, Quanta Photogrammetry (QPM), Space Domain Awareness (SDA), Space Situational Awareness (SSA), Low Earth Orbit (LEO)

Complete and Total Satellite Autonomy for SDA Applications, an In-Space Experiment
Richard Stottler, Stottler Henke Associates, Inc.; Evan Finnigan, Stottler Henke Associates, Inc.; Dick Wilkinson, Proof Labs

Keywords: Autonomy, Space Domain Awareness (SDA), In-Space Software Execution, CyberSecurity, Fault Detection and Diagnosis

Concurrent Frame-based and Event-based Optics as a Tool for Pattern-of-Life Characterization
Nicolas San Miguel, MIT Lincoln Laboratory; Carlos Gonzalez Huertas, MIT Lincoln Laboratory; Kyra Lee, MIT Lincoln Laboratory; Johnny Worthy, MIT Lincoln Laboratory

Keywords: Event-based cameras, pattern-of-life, target characterization

Conjunction Risk Assessment in the Early Orbit Phase under Large and Poorly Characterized Uncertainty
Yashica Khatri, NorthStar Earth & Space, Inc.; Manuel Sanjurjo-Rivo, NorthStar Earth & Space, Inc.; Shrouti Dutta, NorthStar Earth & Space, Inc.; Laura Pirovano, NorthStar Earth & Space, Inc.; Yann Picard, NorthStar Earth & Space, Inc.; Narendra Gollu, NorthStar Earth & Space, Inc.

Keywords: conjunction assessment, large uncertainty, Gaussian Mixture Models, Advance probability of Collision

Constellation Design for Autonomous Cislunar Navigation and Target Tracking Using Relative Measurements
Best Student Paper Award Winner 2026
Ryan Menges, University of Colorado Boulder; Daniel Scheeres, University of Colorado Boulder; Derek Tuggle, The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc.

Keywords: Autonomous cislunar navigation, Spacecraft-to-spacecraft tracking, Absolute and relative orbit determination, Higher-order filtering

Constellation-Level Observability and State Estimation Limits for Space Situational Awareness in the Cislunar Three-Body Regime
Mohammed Irfan Rashed, University of Hawaii Manoa

Keywords: CR3BP, Cislunar Space, Space Situational Awareness, Observability Analysis, NRHO, Halo Orbits, Three-Body Dynamics, State Estimation, Constellation Geometry, Manifold Dynamics

Continuous Classification Persistence of One Million Cislunar Trajectories Under Multi-Body Dynamics
Denvir Higgins, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Travis Yeager, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Peter McGill, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Keywords: cislunar space, N body dynamics, trajectory families, orbital stability, stretched exponential decay, chaotic dynamics, large scale propagation, simulation

Coordination of Tethered Agents for Capture of Tumbling Orbital Debris
Bogachan Ondes, University of Florida; Norman Fitz-Coy, University of Florida

Keywords: Multiagent, Guidance, Navigation, Control, Optimization, ADR, Tether, Tracking

Correlation of Realistic Electro-Optical Measurements for Cislunar Initial Orbit Determination
Queenique Dinh, University of Colorado Boulder; Daniel Scheeres, University of Colorado Boulder; Marcus Holzinger, University of Colorado Boulder

Keywords: Cislunar, Initial Orbit Determination, Measurement Association, Space Situational Awareness, Admissible Region Theory

Custody-First Maneuver Reconstruction in Low-Cadence Observation Environments
Tatsuyoshi Kurumiya, University of Colorado Boulder, EO Solutions; Cameron Harris, EO Solutions; Connor Segal, EO Solutions

Keywords: Adaptive Estimation, SDA/SSA, Maneuver Reconstruction, Reachable Sets, Custody Maintenance, Angles-Only Measurements

Data Fusion for a Space Catalog with Heterogeneous Sensor Data Rate
Emmanuel Delande, CNES; Yvan Gary, CNES; Agustina Gascue, European Space Agency (ESA); Valentin Baral, CNES

Keywords: Heterogeneous data, Sensor network, Orbit determination, WRMS

Data Transformation Graphs: A Graph-Theoretic Framework for Self-Healing Data Pipelines and Quantitative Data System Evaluation
Braden Eichmeier, Ten One Aerospace; Ryan Goodman, Ten One Aerospace; Emily Gerber, Ten One Aerospace; Christopher Roscoe, Ten One Aerospace

Keywords: Space Domain Awareness, Data Transformation Graphs, Graph Theory, Path Planning, Data Systems

Decision Support for Space Debris Remediation Enterprises under Various Future Scenarios
Minchan Song, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; Jaewoo Kim, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; Jaemyung Ahn, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology

Keywords: Space Debris Remediation, LEO Environment Evolution, Scenario-Based Decision Making, Mission Planning, Modular Inventory, Operational Recourse

Demonstration of a Low-Cost LWIR CubeSat Sensor Architecture for Distributed Thermal Space Domain Awareness
Miguel Nunes, Hawai‘i Space Flight Laboratory, University of Hawai‘i at Manoa; Paul Lucey, Hawai‘i Space Flight Laboratory, University of Hawai‘i at Manoa; Noah Thompson, Hawai‘i Space Flight Laboratory, University of Hawai‘i at Manoa; Jharrell Sim, Hawai‘i Space Flight Laboratory, University of Hawai‘i at Manoa; Samantha Mallari, Hawai‘i Space Flight Laboratory, University of Hawai‘i at Manoa; Dennis Sarsozo, Hawai‘i Space Flight Laboratory, University of Hawai‘i at Manoa; Jaycee Hasegawa, Hawai‘i Space Flight Laboratory, University of Hawai‘i at Manoa; Jun Jie Huang, Hawai‘i Space Flight Laboratory, University of Hawai‘i at Manoa; Mari Murillo, Hawai‘i Space Flight Laboratory, University of Hawai‘i at Manoa

Keywords: Thermal Imaging, Long-Wave Infrared (LWIR), Low-SWaP Sensors, CubeSats, Distributed Sensing, CubeSat Constellation Architectures

Design of Co-operative On-Orbit Radar Observation Scenarios for Mega-Constellations in VLEO
Leah-Nani Alconcel, University of Birmingham; Gruffudd Jones, University of Birmingham; Morgan Coe, University of Birmingham; Marina Gashinova, University of Birmingham

Keywords: space assets, radar imagery, operational constraints, CoSDA, constellation dynamics

Designing an Edge-Enabled Automation Pipeline with Algorithmic and Rule-Based Quality Flagging of Satellite Spectral Images
Chad Mello, U.S. Air Force Academy; Brandon Son, U.S. Air Force Academy; Denis Irimiea, U.S. Air Force Academy; Nicholas Wright, U.S. Air Force Academy; David Strong, Strong EO Imaging, Inc.; Timothy Giblin, i2 Strategic Services LLC; Francis Chun, U.S. Air Force Academy

Keywords: SDA, SSA, Falcon Telescope Network, satellite spectroscopy, slitless spectroscopy, transmission grating, spectral imagery, edge computing, automation pipeline, data ingestion, image preprocessing, spectral extraction, quality screening, metadata indexing

Designing Effective Space Sensor Constellations: A General Constellation Observation Simulation Framework Applied to Geostationary Space Object Tracking
Peter McGill, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Robert Armstrong, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Alex Geringer-Sameth, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Nathan Golovich, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Trier Mortlock, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Keywords: space situational awareness, object tracking, sensor scheduling

Determination of the Spacecraft Rotation Axis’ Orientation Based on Photometric Observations
Nikolay Koshkin, Astronomical Observatory of Odesa I.I. Mechnikov National University; Leonid Shakun, Astronomical Observatory of Odesa I.I. Mechnikov National University; Oleksandr Kozhukhov, National Space Facilities Control and Test Center of State Space Agency of Ukraine; Oleksandr Bryukhovetskyi, National Space Facilities Control and Test Center of State Space Agency of Ukraine; Roger Spinner, s2a systems; Elena Korobeynikova, Astronomical Observatory of Odesa I.I. Mechnikov National University; Seda Melikyants, Astronomical Observatory of Odesa I.I. Mechnikov National University; Svetlana Strakhova, Astronomical Observatory of Odesa I.I. Mechnikov National University

Keywords: LEO, Space Debris, Photometry

Developing Signature Analytics for RSO Identification from Unresolved Imaging using Machine Learning
Miguel Velez-Reyes, University of Texas El Paso; Dan DeBlasio, Carnegie Mellon University; Luis Cedillo, University of Connecticut; Aryzbe Najera, University of Texas El Paso; Nicholas Duran, University of Texas El Paso; George von Borries, Universidade de Brasília

Keywords: spectral signature analysis, machine learning models, unresolved imaging, satellite identification, simulation models, spectrophotometry,

Developing Space Situational Awareness Architectures with Historical Weather and Remote Sensing Datasets
Charles Schramka, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Yohan Lim, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Carly Fridlin, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Eric Evans, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Keywords: Space Situational Awareness, Site Selection, GIS, SSA Networking, SSA Architectures

Dichotomizing Temporarily Bound Objects Using Capture States
Shuhan Zheng, University of Toronto; M. Reza Emami, University of Toronto

Keywords: Temporarily Bound Objects, Temporarily Captured Orbiters, Temporarily Captured Flybys, Near-Earth Objects, Cislunar Space Domain Awareness

Distributed Optimal Task Scheduling of LEO Constellations for Ground Based Assets
Hongseok Kim, University of Texas Austin; Maruthi Akella, University of Texas Austin

Keywords: , LEO Mega-Constellations, Ground Sensor Scheduling, Mixed Integer Linear Programming, Distributed Optimization

Domain-Adversarial Training to Reduce Temporal and Cross-Site Shift in GEO Classification from Unresolved Spectral Data
George Landon, Cedarville University; Timothy Giblin, i2 Strategic Services LLC; Kyle Jones, United States Air Force Academy; Francis Chun, United States Air Force Academy

Keywords: Geostationary Earth Orbit, Unresolved satellite characterization, Slitless spectroscopy, Domain-adversarial training, Feature alignment, 1D convolutional neural networks, multi-head classification

Doppler-Only Orbit Determination with Physics-Informed Neural Networks and High-Fidelity Dynamics
Benedikt Aigner, Universität der Bundeswehr München; Fabian Dallinger, Universität der Bundeswehr München; Thomas Andert, Universität der Bundeswehr München; Tobias Vorderobermeier, Universität der Bundeswehr München

Keywords: Passive RF; one-way Doppler; Doppler-only orbit determination; physics-informed neural networks; high-fidelity dynamics; orbit recovery

DreamSat-Bench: Development and Initial Testing of a Testbed for AI-Based Pose Estimation from 3D Reconstruction
Alex Posadas-Nava, Massachusetts Institute of Technology ; August Berne, Massachusetts Institute of Technology ; Giovanni Lavezzi, Massachusetts Institute of Technology ; Kareena Shah, Massachusetts Institute of Technology ; Alejandro Carrasco Aragon, Massachusetts Institute of Technology ; Josiane Uwumukiza, Massachusetts Institute of Technology ; Giacomo Battaglia, Politecnico di Milano; Paolo Panicucci, Politecnico di Milano; Minduli Wijayatunga, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Victor Rodriguez-Fernandez, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid; Richard Linares, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Keywords: 3D reconstruction, 6-DOF Pose Estimation, Generative AI, RPO, Testbed, Software-in-the-loop, SDA

E-STAR: Design and Stratospheric Demonstration of an Event-Based Star-Field and Resident Space Object Imaging Payload
Vithurshan Suthakar, York University; Regina Lee, York University; Youssef Korny, York University

Keywords: Event-based imaging,Neuromorphic vision,Space situational awareness (SSA), Resident space objects (RSOs), Onboard processing, Small Aperture, Wide Field of View Optical Systems

Edge-Deployable Physics-Informed and Quantum Assisted Neural Networks for Real-Time Autonomous Orbit Prediction
Alex Khan, BosonQ Psi Corp; Dhamotharan S, BosonQ Psi Corp; Divyansh Deshmukh, BosonQ Psi Corp; Aditi Lal, BosonQ Psi Corp; Jay Shah, BosonQ Psi Corp; Parth Danve, BosonQ Psi Corp; Rut Lineswala, BosonQ Psi Corp; Abhishek Chopra, BosonQ Psi Corp

Keywords: SDA, QAPINN, PINN, Propagation, AI, Edge, Autonomy, Orekit, Maneuver, Surrogate, Conjunction, Uncertainty

Effects of Automatic Model Calibration on Operational Orbit Accuracy for Data Fusion
Timothy Glinski, LSAS Tec

Keywords: SSA, Data Fusion, STM, Orbit Accuracy, Calibration, Automation, Bias Models, Force Models, Covariance Realism

Efficient Physics-Informed Burst Restoration for Satellite Identification Under Atmospheric Turbulence
Taylor Phan, Clemson University, EO Solutions; Kimmy De Alba, SSC/SYD 85/BI; J. Zachary Gazak, SSC/SYD 85/BI A&AS

Keywords: Burst image restoration, multi-frame blind deconvolution (MFBD), physics-informed reconstruction, atmospheric turbulence, satellite identification

Electro-Optical and Passive Radio-Frequency Data Fusion for In-Space Anomaly Detection
Benoit Philbert, NorthStar Earth & Space, Inc.; Narendra Gollu, NorthStar Earth & Space, Inc.; Yann Picard, NorthStar Earth & Space, Inc.

Keywords: anomaly detection, data fusion, electro-optical, passive radio-frequency

Empirical Evaluation of Automated Sensor Calibration Impact on Orbit Determination Accuracy
Joseph Diamond, Peraton; Jason Paul, Peraton; Weihan Yang, Peraton; Noah Combs, Peraton; Jessica Kalmanson, Peraton

Keywords: sensor calibration,space domain awareness,orbit determination,automated calibration,observation residuals,space-based sensors,calibration automation,proliferated architectures,space surveillance,observation association

Enhanced Radar Imaging in Space Surveillance Applications
Simon Anger, German Aerospace Center (DLR); Florian Bischeltsrieder, German Aerospace Center (DLR); Matthias Jirousek, German Aerospace Center (DLR); Fabian Hochberg, German Aerospace Center (DLR)

Keywords: Radar imaging, Inverse synthetic aperture radar, ISAR, IoSiS, Space situational awareness, high-resolution, radar system

Enhancing Emergent Satellite Data for Non-Earth Imaging
Yu-Yen Chang, Turion Space Corporation

Keywords: Satellite Characterization, Imaging, Non-Earth Imaging, Image Enhancement, Sensor Calibration

Enhancing LEO Orbit Determination and Predictions with High-Fidelity Atmospheric Density Uncertainty Modeling
Eric Fattig, West Virginia University; Rachit Bhatia, West Virginia University (Consultant); Thomas Kelecy, West Virginia University (Consultant); Piyush Mehta, West Virginia University

Keywords: Temporal auto-correlation, atmospheric density, covariance realism, orbital mechanics, orbit determination

Enhancing Space Domain Awareness through Probabilistic Forecasting of Satellite Maneuvers
Zachary Pollmiller, CFC; Christopher Irrgang, CFC; William Jantscher, CFC; Ryan Do, CFC

Keywords: Satellite Characterization, AI for SDA, unsupervised machine learning, maneuver prediction, big data

Establishing an Automated Pattern of Life Method for Manoeuvre Anomaly Detection in GEO
Cameron Webb, Defence Science and Technology Group; Mark Rutten, InTrack Solutions; Zoe Wolff, Defence Science and Technology Group

Keywords: GEO, Satellite Manoeuvre, Satellite Maneuver, Pattern of Life, TLE, Anomaly Detection

EU SST – TraCSS Joint Study on Operational Information Exchange
Mariel Borowitz, Office of Space Commerce; Ethan Baumann, Office of Space Commerce; Pascal Faucher, CNES; Jose Maria Hermoso, Spanish Space Agency; Cristina Pérez Hernández, Spanish Space Agency; Robert Wolff, Office of Space Commerce; Anna Parikka, Office of Space Commerce, Global Science & Technology, Inc.; Jeremy Soquenne, CNES; Alessandro Del Bono, GMV; Quentin Collins, Office of Space Commerce, SpaceNav; Eve Hawkins, Office of Space Commerce; Oscar Gonzalez Martinez, GMV, Daniel Garcia Yarnoz, EU Agency for the Space Programme

Keywords: Space Policy, Space Situational Awarness, Space Traffic Coordination

Event-Based Warning of Impending Satellite Streak Contamination
James Blake, University of Warwick; Lily Beesley, University of Birmingham; James McCormac, University of Warwick; Don Pollacco, University of Warwick; Robert Airey, University of Warwick; Benjamin Cooke, University of Warwick; Ravindra Desai, University of Warwick; Nina Maric, University of Birmingham; Rebecca McFadden, DEIMOS Space; Morgan Mitchell, University of Warwick; James Osborn, Durham University; Elizabeth Stanway, University of Warwick; Phineas Whitlock, University of Warwick

Keywords: Neuromorphic, Event-based Camera, Astronomy, SSA, Warning, SDA Systems and Instrumentation

Evolution of SSA Capabilities to Support SDA and STM
Brian Weeden, The Aerospace Corporation; Srinivas Setty, Bespin Technologies GmbH; Paul Cefola, University at Buffalo (SUNY); Juan Felix San Juan Díaz, Universidad de La Rioja

Keywords: space situational awareness, space domain awareness, space traffic management

Experimental Evaluation of Space-Based Search Operations Using NEOSSat
Laurenne Tynski, Department of National Defence Canada; Ivan Savytskyy, Department of National Defence Canada; Kian Fitzgerald, Department of National Defence Canada; Richard Trembinski, Department of National Defence Canada; Stefan Thorsteinson, Defence Research and Development Canada

Keywords: Space Domain Awareness, Space-Based Optical, Leakproof Search Operations, Bullseye Search

Extending Observation Arcs and Tracking for Non-Cooperative Objects in Cislunar Space with Visible and Thermal Infrared Sensors
Shinsuke Takahashi, University of Southern California; David Barnhart, University of Southern California

Keywords: Infrared sensor, Non‑cooperative objects, Cislunar space, Tracking, Space-based assets

Extending the Georgia Tech Research Institute Goniometer (GT-RIG) System Towards Polarimetric Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) Capabilities
Gregory Badura, Georgia Tech Research Institute; Jack Hanling, Georgia Tech Research Institute; Amogh Kondaji, Georgia Tech Research Institute; Elena Plis, Georgia Tech Research Institute; Anthony Semenova, Georgia Tech Research Institute

Keywords: Goniometer, Polarization, Spectroscopy, BRDF

Fallback Autonomy for Space Domain Awareness in Mega-Constellations
Daniel Reynolds, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Kerri Cahoy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology ; Olivier de Weck, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Keywords: Fallback autonomy, Space domain awareness, Space situational awareness, Mega-constellations, Distributed autonomy, Mean field game theory, Model predictive control, Decentralized task allocation, Resilient space architectures, Contested space operations

Feasibility of Low-Lunar Orbit Optical Observation and Cataloging
Anthony Zara, Advanced Space; Patrick Miga, Advanced Space; Brighton Smith, Advanced Space; Karina Rivera Lopez, Advanced Space

Keywords: low-lunar orbit, LLO, optical, cislunar, cone of shame, exclusion zone, orbit determination, navigation, tracking, PNT, timing, SDA, catalog, hybrid, architecture, maintenance, custody

Feasibility Study of Optical Space Situational Awareness from Sun-Earth L1
Erik Payton, University of Maryland; Tam Nguyen, University of Maryland

Keywords: Space-based SSA, cislunar, system design, optical SSA

Federated Conjunction Assessment: A Framework for Reconciling Multiple Risk Assessment Solutions
Eliot Toumey, Omitron, Inc.; Timothy Murphy, The Aerospace Corporation; Dolan Highsmith, The Aerospace Corporation; Alinda Mashiku, NASA

Keywords: SSA, Conjunction Assessment, Orbit Determination, Solution Reconciliation

Finding Lost Satellites: An Adaptive Electro-Optical Search Architecture
Stefan Doucette, InTrack Radar Technologies, Inc.; Kaitlyn Raub, InTrack Radar Technologies, Inc.; W. J. Mandeville, InTrack Radar Technologies, Inc.; Tim McLaughlin, InTrack Radar Technologies, Inc.

Keywords: Uncorrelated tracks, UCTs, Pine Park Observatory, search,

Flow Matching for Multi-Agent Sensor Tasking: A Generative Approach to Coordinating Ground-Based Optical Sensors for Space Domain Awareness
Amit Jain, Massachusetts Institute of Technology ; Richard Linares, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Keywords: Space Domain Awareness (SDA), Multi-agent sensor tasking, Flow matching, Reinforcement learning, Policy optimization

Foresight: A Benchmark Framework for Space Computer Vision
R. Abraham Martin, Space Dynamics Laboratory; Sierra Reynolds, Space Dynamics Laboratory; Abdirahman Ali, Space Dynamics Laboratory; Alex Allgrunn, Space Dynamics Laboratory; Eric McKinney, Space Dynamics Laboratory

Keywords: Machine Learning, AI, Synthetic Data, MLOPs, Benchmarking, SDA, RPO, Foresight

From Cislunar to Translunar: A Spatiography for Space Domain Awareness
Anjali Rawat, Virginia Tech; Aaron J. Rosengren, University of California San Diego; Shane D. Ross, Virginia Tech; Bhanu Kumar, European Space Operations Centre (ESA-ESOC)

Keywords: Cislunar, Translunar, Earth–Moon–Sun, Spatiography

From Covariance Reduction to Decision Value: An Information-Theoretic Framework for Dynamic SSA Scheduling
Thomas Higginbotham, Kestrel Intelligence

Keywords: Space Situational Awareness (SSA), Space Domain Awareness (SDA), Dynamic sensor tasking, Conjunction assessment, Collision risk management, Value of Information (VoI), Expected Value of Sample Information (EVSI), Bayesian decision theory

From Data to Insight: Entity Relationship Mapping for Space Domain Awareness Using the SPINIFEX Tool
Jun Heo, Defence Science and Technology Group (Australia); Kruger White, Defence Science and Technology Group (Australia); Sophie Underwood, Defence Science and Technology Group (Australia); Austin Dilettoso, Swordfish Computing; Ryan Swiatnik, Swordfish Computing

Keywords: entity relationship mapping, information analytics, data fusion, heterogeneous data integration, relational modelling, graph analytics

From Detection to Classification: A Feature-Driven Approach to Satellite Maneuver Characterization in LEO Using TLE Data
Maya Harris, Massachusetts Institute of Technology ; Richard Linares, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Keywords: Maneuver detection, maneuver classification, machine learning, semi-supervised

From Ground-Based Telescopes to the Operations Center: CCSDS TDM v2.0 Conventions for Continuous Optical SSA Data Exchange
Mariusz Slonina, Polish Space Agency; Agnieszka Gurgul, Nicolaus Copernicus University; Michal Drzal, Sybilla Technologies; Antoni Wojtala, Polish Space Agency; Mikolaj Kruzynski, Polish Space Agency; Tomasz Zubowicz, Polish Space Agency

Keywords: Tracking Data Message (TDM), Optical observations, Standarization, SSA Operations, Data exchange

From Many Frames to One: A Sizing Boundary for Closed-Loop SpDA Tip-and-Cue with Wide-Field CMOS
Calinda Huang, SRI International; David Keller, SRI International; Mark Grygon, SRI International; Patrick Maeda, SRI International; Namwoong Paik, SRI International

Keywords: Space domain awareness, faint object detection, radiometric modeling, aperture scaling, optical instrumentation, Neyman-Pearson detection, probability of detection

GEOStare 2.0: LEO to GEO SDA with Wide Field Surveillance
Nathan Golovich, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Alex Geringer-Sameth, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Robert Armstrong, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Willem de Vries, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Benjamin Bahney, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Keywords: SDA constellation, LEO to GEO, wide field surveillance

Global Atmospheric Density Corrections using Sparse Trajectory Observations
Jordan Murphy, Slingshot Aerospace; Conner Grey, Slingshot Aerospace; Joshua Horwood, Slingshot Aerospace; Jason Stauch, Slingshot Aerospace; Navraj Singh, Slingshot Aerospace; Timothy Olson, Slingshot Aerospace; Jeffrey Shaddix, Slingshot Aerospace; Belinda Marchand, Slingshot Aerospace

Keywords: Space Weather, Drag Modeling, Scientific Machine Learning, Compressive Sensing, LEO

GPU-Accelerated Astrodynamics World Models for Spacecraft Rendezvous and Proximity Operations
Duncan Eddy, Stanford University; Isaac Ward, Stanford University; Grace Kim, Stanford University; Mykel Kochenderfer, Stanford University

Keywords: Space Domain Awareness, Uncertainty Modeling, World Models, Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Rendezvous and Proximity Operations, RPO, GPU

Ground-Based Differential Orbit Determination in the XGEO Regime: A Practical Performance Assessment
Glenn Nestell, Air Force Institute of Technology; Rachel Oliver, Air Force Institute of Technology; Francisca Parra, Air Force Institute of Technology

Keywords: Space Situational Awareness (SSA), GEO, XGEO, Differential Orbit Determination, Event-Based Sensing (EBS), Optical Tracking, High-Cadence Angular Measurements, Photon-Limited Detection, Apparent Visual Magnitude, Operational Viability, Observability Limit

HARMONIA-ID: Cross-Modal Identification of Non-Cooperative Space Objects Using Standardized Interface Signatures
Wanjiku Chebet Kanjumba, University of Florida; Norman Fitz-Coy, University of Florida

Keywords: Space Object Identification, Docking Interfaces, HARMONIA, Structural Inference, Space Domain Awareness, Bayesian Sequential Inference, Graph-Based Feature Matching, Non-Cooperative Objects, Cross-Modal Sensing

High-Precision Satellite Tracking with a Low-Cost Dual-Telescope Optical Parallax System
Phineas Whitlock, University of Warwick; James McCormac, University of Warwick; Paul Chote, University of Warwick

Keywords: Parallax, Optical Tracking, Multi-Site Observation, Astrometry, Photometry, SSA, SDA

High-Resolution Spectra of a GEO Using a Whoppshel Spectrograph on the USAFA One-Meter Telescope
Ryan Kovacs, US Air Force Academy; Julie Simms, US Air Force Academy; Benjamin Roth, US Air Force Academy; Francis Chun, US Air Force Academy; Scott Donnell, US Air Force Academy; Timothy Giblin, US Air Force Academy

Keywords: spectroscopy, spectra, spectrograph, satellite characterizations, unresolved

Huntsman Telescope SensorKit Upgrade: A New Dedicated Facility for Persistent Satellite Spectral Characterisation
Jasper Hudson, Macquarie University; Sarah Caddy, University of Melbourne; Lee Robert Spitler, Macquarie University; Zach Gazak, SSC/SYD 85/BI A&AS; Anthony Belo, Optus Satellite; Ryan Swindle, USSF/SSC; Erik Small, ENS Consulting; Justin Fletcher, Space Systems Command A&AS

Keywords: Huntsman telescope, multi-spectral, imaging, GEO, spectral positive identification

HyTI-2: A Cryogenic LWIR Hyperspectral Instrument for High-Duty-Cycle Space Domain Awareness
Miguel Nunes, Hawai‘i Space Flight Laboratory, University of Hawai‘i at Manoa; Robert Wright, Hawai‘i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai‘i at Manoa; Paul Lucey, Hawai‘i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai‘i at Manoa; Luke Flynn, Hawai‘i Space Flight Laboratory, University of Hawai‘i at Manoa; Mark Wood, Hawai‘i Space Flight Laboratory, University of Hawai‘i at Manoa; Eric Pilger, Hawai‘i Space Flight Laboratory, University of Hawai‘i at Manoa; Scott Ginoza, Hawai‘i Space Flight Laboratory, University of Hawai‘i at Manoa; Lance Yoneshige, Hawai‘i Space Flight Laboratory, University of Hawai‘i at Manoa; Gabriel Guerrero, Hawai‘i Space Flight Laboratory, University of Hawai‘i at Manoa

Keywords: LWIR hyperspectral imaging, Active Thermal Architecture, cryogenic focal plane arrays, Space Edge Processing, edge AI in space, onboard data processing, CubeSat sensing architectures

Implementation Considerations for Cislunar Multi-Fidelity Uncertainty Propagation
John Gaebler, KBR; Juan Gutierrez, KBR; Keric Hill, KBR; Chris Craft, KBR; Paul Billings, KBR; Charles Wetterer, KBR; Jill Bruer, AFRL

Keywords: Uncertainty propagation, Multi-fidelity, cislunar

Improving Correlation for RPO Events in GEO With Machine Learning Photometric Fingerprinting
Clarice Reid, Slingshot Aerospace; David Witman, Slingshot Aerospace; Max Geissbuhler, Slingshot Aerospace; Jeffrey Shaddix, Slingshot Aerospace; Belinda Marchand, Slingshot Aerospace; Adrian Thompson, Slingshot Aerospace

Keywords: RPO, GEO, ML, Correlation, Characterization

Improving Low-SNR RSO Learned Detection Through Detectability-Aware Sampling and Loss Scaling
Kevin Phan, EO Solutions; David Chaparro, EO Solutions; Zach Gazak, Space Systems Command A&AS

Keywords: Space Domain Awareness, Space Situational Awareness, Low Signal-to-Noise Ratio Detection, SNR-Aware Training, Detectability Modeling, Optical Space Object Detection, Imbalanced Training Dynamics, Loss Reweighting

Improving Satellite-Operation Efficiency Using Conjunction Data Message (CDM) Frequency Prediction
Daiki Mori, NEC Corporation; Katsuaki Taya, NEC Corporation; Taichiro Sano, NEC Corporation; Yuichi Furukawa, NEC Aerospace Systems; Shizuka Komatsu, NEC Aerospace Systems; Takahito Sakaue, NEC Aerospace Systems; Takayuki Seo, NEC Aerospace Systems

Keywords: orbital debris, fragmentation events, CDM trends, TLE analysis, low Earth orbit, debris descent prediction, collision risk assessment

In-Situ Laser Ablation for Mitigation of Millimeter-to-Decimeter Orbital Debris
Connor Gray, AstroSweep; Benjamin Hall, LATscan; Alexander Pace, AstroSweep

Keywords: orbital debris, space debris, momentum coupling, laser ablation, low Earth orbit, debris remediation, laser-material interaction

Inclination-Aware 2D Source-Sink Modeling for Long-Term Projection of the LEO Collision Environment
Jaewoo Kim, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; Minchan Song, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; Jaemyung Ahn, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; Jinsung Lee, Kyung Hee University; Jiwoong Yu, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; Hosik Kam, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; Jung Hyun Jo, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; Eun-Jung Choi, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; Jin Choi, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

Keywords: space debris, space domain awareness, space environment modeling, space situational awareness, space traffic management, space environment model

Independent Radar Detection and Characterization of the CZ-6A Breakup Debris cloud in LEO: Insights from EISCAT UHF Beam-park Campaigns
Subashree Balakrishnan, Digantara; Bhanu Chandana Gunti, Digantara; Gautham Ganesan, Digantara; Thamim Ansari, Digantara

Keywords: Space Situational Awareness, Space Domain Awareness, Low Earth Orbit (LEO) debris , CZ-6A fragmentation , Radar debris detection , Beam-park observations , EISCAT UHF radar , Radar Cross Section (RCS) , Catalog correlation

Infrared Dim-Object Detection Training Data from NASA Archival Imagery: A Multi-Domain Framework with Initial SSA Results
Christopher Grant, Hyperion Vector Systems; Geoffrey Lake, Icebox Engineering

Keywords: infrared detection, training dataset, WISE, machine learning, space domain awareness, thermal emission, labeled data, dim-object detection, multi-domain, NEO Surveyor, coast-phase tracking

Initial Simulation and Roadmap for ISAL: Inverse Synthetic Aperture Laser Radar for Enhanced Space Situational Awareness
Taku Izumiyama, IHI Corporation; Takashi Imaoku, IHI Corporation; Yuichiro Kogi, Fukuoka Institute of Technology; Atsushi Mase, Masehira Co.Ltd; Toshiya Hanada, Kyushu University; Yasuhiro Yoshimura, Kyushu University

Keywords: Inverse Synthetic Aperture Laser Radar, High-resolution imaging, space debris, Active imaging sensor, Laser applications, Orbital debris characterization, Optical systems, Satellite characterization

Joint Radon–Image Reasoning for Faint Streak Detection in Optical Space Surveillance
Chee-Kheng Chng, Adelaide University; Timothy Payne, Lockheed Martin Corporation; Tat-Jun Chin, Adelaide University

Keywords: Streak detection, Radon Transform, Deep Learning, SDA

Large-Scale Validation of Satellite Lifetime Predictions Using Forecasted Space Weather
Scott Shambaugh, Leonid Space

Keywords: orbital lifetime, atmospheric drag, ballistic coefficient, space weather, solar cycle, Monte Carlo, orbit propagation, space debris, post-mission disposal, LEO

Lead-Time Forecasting of Drag-Influenced Trajectories Using Solar Wind Data
Mia Tian, Massachusetts Institute of Technology ; William Parker, The Aerospace Corporation; Richard Linares, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Keywords: satellite drag, conjunction assessment, space situational awareness, space weather, L1, LEO, DSCOVR, data fusion, space debris, thermosphere

Learning to Coordinate: Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Tasking of GEO Sensor Constellations
Trier Mortlock, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Nathan Golovich, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Alex Geringer-Sameth, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Robert Armstrong, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Kshitij Bhardwaj, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Peter McGill, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Keywords: Autonomous tasking, space situational awareness, reinforcement learning, object tracking, sensor scheduling

LIASSON: Development of Luck Is A Skill for Serendipitous Observation Networks
Collin Phillips, Virginia Tech; Aster Saul, Virginia Tech; Kevin Schroeder, Virginia Tech; Jonathan Kadan, SSC/SYD 85/BI - Odyssey

Keywords: Space Domain Awareness, Autonomous Sensor Tasking, Information Gain, Serendipitous Observation

LOCI -An Operational Network of Wide-Field, Fixed Point-of-View, Optical Space Fence Sensors
Laurence Blacketer, Raytheon UK; Cameron Guerrero, Raytheon UK; Josh Nicholls, Raytheon UK

Keywords: SSA, SDA, fixed point-of-view, wide field-of-view, optical, surveillance, optical space fence, sensor system

LWIR Sensors in Optical SDA Networks
Aster Saul, Virginia Tech; Kevin Schroeder, Virginia Tech

Keywords: LWIR,microbolometer,hyperspectral,tasking

MACHINA Tactical Persistent Monitoring: UCT Track, Triage, and Graduation
Connor Segal, EO Solutions; Cameron Harris, EO Solutions; Jonathan Kadan, SSC/SYD 85/BI - Odyssey

Keywords: Space Traffic Management, Uncorrelated Track, UCT, Autonomous, Sensor Orchestration, MACHINA

Mapping Quasi-Chaotic Lunar Transport Pathways in the Earth-Moon System Using a High-Fidelity Ephemeris Model
Jeremiah Specht, Air Force Institute of Technology; Robert Bettinger, Air Force Institute of Technology; Rachel Oliver, Air Force Institute of Technology; Bruce Cox, Air Force Institute of Technology

Keywords: Conditional behavior mapping (CBM), CR3BP, ephemeris, quasi-chaotic trajectory, Poincaré map

Model-Free Spin State Characterization of Resident Space Objects Using Time Series of Radar Cross Section Measurements
Maria Alessandra De Luca, Politecnico di Milano; Felix Rosebrock, Fraunhofer FHR; Delphine Cerutti-Maori, Fraunhofer FHR; Marco Felice Montaruli, Politecnico di Milano; Pierluigi Di Lizia, Politecnico di Milano; Mauro Massari, Politecnico di Milano

Keywords: RSO characterization, model-free, rotation period, spin axis estimation, ground-based sensor, radar cross section, radar imaging, data fusion

Modeling the Impact of Orbit Prediction Uncertainty on Conjunction Screening in LEO
Vatasta Koul, Kyushu Institute of Technology; Koju Hiraki, Kyushu Institute of Technology

Keywords: Space Situational Awareness, Conjunction Assessment, Orbit Congestion, Orbital Uncertainty, Modelling

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Balancing SDA Task Execution and On-Orbit Constellation Management
Ryan Herchig, IERUS Technologies, Inc; Ted Green, Lockheed Martin Corporation; John Burger, IERUS Technologies, Inc; Mary Stewart, IERUS Technologies, Inc

Keywords: multi-agent reinforcement learning, space domain awareness, dynamic tasking, satellite constellation operations, satellite maintenance planning, multi-objective reinforcement learning, autonomous space operations

Multi-Phenomenology Collection with Non-Earth Imagery and Ground-based Sensors for Resident Space Object Characterization and Behavior Tracking
Stuart Bartlett, HEO; Sam Ross, HEO; Colleen Cahill, HEO; James Allworth, HEO; Hiranya Jayakody, HEO

Keywords: Non-earth imagery, data fusion, passive RF, electro-optical SSA

Multi-Target Bistatic L-Band Radar Observations of GEO Satellites with the Parkes 64-m Telescope
Kenneth Smart, CSIRO; Léa Powys, CSIRO; Douglas Hayman, CSIRO; Andrew Hellicar, CSIRO; Andrew Kintz, MIT Lincoln Laboratory; Alexander Kobsa, MIT Lincoln Laboratory; Timothy Brown, MIT Lincoln Laboratory; Gregory Hogan, MIT Lincoln Laboratory

Keywords: Bistatic radar, SSA, SDA, GEO satellites, Parkes, TRADEX, L-band, range-Doppler, multi-target detection

Multimodal Sensor Fusion for Satellite Maneuver Detection and Propulsion Classification
Phillip Schmedeman, US Space Command; David Beskow, USMA; Daniel Herber, Colorado State University

Keywords: satellite maneuver detection, propulsion classification, multimodal sensor fusion, passive RF (TDOA/FDOA), geosynchronous orbit, collection requirements, satellite characterization, machine learning

Narrow-Shell Stochasticity in Source–Sink Models of the Low Earth Orbit Environment
Jaewon Choi, Myongji University; Souvik Dhara, Georgia Institute of Technology; Harsha Honnappa, Purdue University

Keywords: LEO environment modeling, source–sink model, stochastic diffusion, orbital shell capacity

NEBULA: A Neuromorphic Simulator for Space-Based Space Domain Awareness
Rachel Oliver, Air Force Institute of Technology; Paul Rickershauser, Air Force Institute of Technology; Matthew McHarg, United States Air Force Academy

Keywords: Event-Based Sensors, Neuromorphic Sensors, Space-Based, Space Domain Awareness, Concepts of Operations

Neuromorphic Small-Object Detection for Low-SWaP Space Domain Awareness Architectures
Myles Fernau, Southwest Research Institute; Camden Ertley, Southwest Research Institute; David Anthony, Southwest Research Institute; Chau Ton, Southwest Research Institute; Christopher Comeau, Southwest Research Institute

Keywords: Neuromorphic computing, Spiking neural networks, Event cameras, Space Domain Awareness

Neutron-3: A Distributed CubeSat Swarm for Three-Dimensional Radiation Field Reconstruction and Environmental Situational Awareness in Cislunar Space
Miguel Nunes, Hawaii Space Flight Laboratory, University of Hawaii at Manoa; Piper Kline, Hawaii Space Flight Laboratory, University of Hawaii at Manoa; Mohammed Irfan Rashed, Hawaii Space Flight Laboratory, University of Hawaii at Manoa

Keywords: Neutron detector, CubeSat Swarm, Cislunar space, Radiation Environment Monitoring, Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE)

New Methods for Predicting Atmospheric Drag Effects on LEO Satellites
Mark Vincent, Raytheon; Francois Rogez, Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Keywords: atmospheric drag predictions, uncertainties in Pc calculations, drag make-up maneuvers, F10.7 solar flux, geomagnetic indices

Non-Myopic, Information Driven Sensor Tasking for Distributed Catalogue Maintenance in Space Domain Awareness
Jason Williams, Whipbird Signals; Vaughan Clarkson, Whipbird Signals; Ashwani Kumar, DSTG; Kruger White, DSTG

Keywords: Space domain awareness, space situation awareness, sensor management, sensor tasking, dynamic programming, non-myopic planning, Monte Carlo tree search

OB-ASTRA: Enabling Autonomous Onboard Collision Avoidance for Future SSA/SDA Operations
Alfredo Locarini, Nautilus - Navigation in Space; Christian Monaldi, Nautilus - Navigation in Space; Virginia Angelini, Nautilus - Navigation in Space; Mattia Chiappalone, Nautilus - Navigation in Space; M. Cavallucci, Nautilus - Navigation in Space; Dario Modenini, University of Bologna; Giacomo Curzi, University of Bologna; Stefano Palmiotto, University of Bologna; Daniele Pecorella, University of Bologna; Stefano Cicalò, Space Dynamics Services s.r.l.; Francesca Guerra, Space Dynamics Services s.r.l.; Alessia Bertolucci, Space Dynamics Services s.r.l.; Davide Bracali Cioci, Space Dynamics Services S.R.L.; Enrico Paolini, University of Bologna; Lia Francesconi, University of Bologna; Gianni Pasolini, University of Bologna; Enrico Testi, University of Bologna; Albino Carbognani, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica - OAS; Orr Cohen, European Space Agency (ESA); Louis Walpot, European Space Agency (ESA)

Keywords: Space Situational Awareness, Conjunction Assessment, Collision Avoidance, Onboard Autonomy, Distributed Traffic Management, Late Maneuver Strategy, Orbit Determination, Probability of Collision, Optical Tracking, Embedded Systems

Observability Considerations for Cislunar Angles-Only Relative Navigation
Andrea López, University of Colorado Boulder; Jackson Kulik, Utah State University; Jay McMahon, University of Colorado Boulder

Keywords: cislunar navigation, angles-only navigation, relative orbit estimation, nonlinear observability, nonlinear estimation, Gaussian mixture filtering

Observability-Aware Estimation and Control for Angles-Only Relative Orbit Navigation of Non-Cooperative GEO Objects
Ryoichiro Kaga, Kyushu University; Yasuhiro Yoshimura, Kyushu University; Taku Izumiyama, IHI Corporation

Keywords: Angles-Only Navigation, Nonsingular Orbital Elements, Relative Orbit Estimation, On-Orbit Servicing, Observability Analysis, Unscented Schmidt Kalman Filter, Covariance Steering

Observation and Characterization of Satellite and Debris Reentries with the Global Meteor Network
Tam Do, University of Western Ontario; Peter Brown, University of Western Ontario; Denis Vida, University of Western Ontario

Keywords: Satellites, Space Debris, Meteors, Optical Cameras, Re-Entries

Observation of Nonlinear Waves Induced by a Charged Object in a Flowing Plasma
Krishan Kumar, West Virginia University; Earl Scime, West Virginia University; Vikram Dharodi, West Virginia University; Gregory Lusk, West Virginia University; Thomas Rood, West Virginia University; William Amatucci, Naval Research Laboratory; Ami Dubois, Naval Research Laboratory; Alexander Hyde, Naval Research Laboratory; Erik Terejo, Naval Research Laboratory, Piyush Mehta, West Virginia University

Keywords: solitons, space debris, flowing plasma

Observation-Driven Adaptation of Reduced-Order Thermospheric Density Models
Sriram Narayanan, West Virginia University; Daniele Sicoli, West Virginia University; Hang Woon Lee, West Virginia University; Piyush Mehta, West Virginia University

Keywords: Thermospheric density, reduced-order modeling, data assimilation, Kalman filtering, space weather, orbit determination, Koopman Operator, space situational awareness, drag modeling, low-Earth orbit

Observations of Satellites from an Event-Based Sensor on the International Space Station
Matthew McHarg, United States Air Force Academy; Francis Chun, U.S. Air Force Academy; Punarvasan Garani, United States Air Force Academy; Erik Popescu, US Air Force Academy; Zachary Wilcox, i2 Strategic Services LLC; Elsa Carreras, i2 Strategic Services LLC

Keywords: Event-based sensors, space-based SDA, neuromorphic

On-Orbit Reconfigurable Flash Lidar using Liquid Crystal Polarization Gratings
Ricardo Delgadillo, Advanced Scientific Concepts; Robert Stevenson-Karl, Advanced Scientific Concepts; Roger Stettner, Advanced Scientific Concepts; Lane Fuller, Advanced Scientific Concepts; Bruce Anderson, Advanced Scientific Concepts; Michael Dahlin, Advanced Scientific Concepts

Keywords: Lidar, Relative Navigation, Software Configurable

Operational Space-Based SSA from Short-Arc Optical Data: Technical Challenges and Lessons Learned
Marcello Chiariello, ARCA Dynamics; Woosang Park, Texas A&M University; Paolo Guardabasso, ARCA Dynamics; Gabriele Conforti, ARCA Dynamics; Kyle Alfriend, Texas A&M University; Dario Spiller, ARCA Dynamics

Keywords: Space Situational Awareness, Space-Based Observation, Orbit Determination, Satellite Operations

Operationalizing the Ionosphere: A Cloud-Native Framework for Real-Time Rocket Detection using GNSS Receiver Networks
Austin Barrow, Hyperios Technologies; Benjamin McCrossan, Hyperios Technologies; Phillip Vu, Hyperios Technologies

Keywords: Space Domain Awareness (SDA), GNSS Ionosphere, Orbital Launch Detection, Real-Time, Rocket-Induced Shockwaves, Atmospheric Sensing, Signal Processing, Total Electron Content (TEC), Automated Pipeline, Blind Detection, Acoustic-Gravity Waves (AGW)

Operationally Practical Conjunction Metrics for Models
Ryan Shepperd, Iridium

Keywords: conjunction risk assessment, conjunction risk mitigation, conjunction metrics, space traffic coordination, space traffic capacity

Optimal Multispectral Filters for AI-Assisted Subpixel Material Characterization of Resident Space Objects
Kedar Naik, BAE Systems; Andrew Wernersbach, BAE Systems; Nathan Carlson, BAE Systems; Thomas Drouillard, BAE Systems; Raymond Wright, BAE Systems

Keywords: Multispectral Instrument Design, Satellite Characterization, Spectral Unmixing, Design Optimization, Machine Learning, Explainable AI

ORCHESTRA: Coordinated SDA Scheduling
Dustin Burchett, MITRE Corporation

Keywords: ORCHESTRA, Space Domain Awareness, Space Surveillance Network, sensor scheduling, sensor orchestration, linear programming, static mission planning, custody and catalog maintenance, MACHINA, Unified Data Library, machine-to-machine tasking, optimization

Passive RF for Space Domain Awareness: From Theoretical Bounds and Low-Complexity Signal Processing to Field Validation in Time Synchronization
Saehan Song, Korea Aerospace Research Institute; Youeyun Jung, Korea Aerospace Research Institute; Jaedong Seong, Korea Aerospace Research Institute; Seo-Eun Lee, Korea Aerospace Research Institute; Okchul Jung, Korea Aerospace Research Institute; Girim Kwon, University of Seoul

Keywords: Passive RF, Space Domain Awareness, Data Fusion, Bayesian CRLB, Fisher Information Matrix, Short-Time CAF, Wideband Time Dilation, Orbit Determination, GNSS Common-View, Long-Baseline Synchronization, TDoA/FDoA, LEO, GEO

Performance Assessment of a Distributed Multi-Operator Space-Based Optical Sensor Network for Space Domain Awareness
Luca Frassinella, Ecosmic; Benedetta Margrethe Cattani, Ecosmic; Jorge Martinez Castillo, Ecosmic; Antonio D'Anniballe, Cranfield University; Leonard Felicetti, Cranfield University

Keywords: space-based, non-earth imaging, network, star trackers, sensors

Performance Assessment of Track-Before-Detect Algorithms and Post-Search Refinement Methods
Sophia Matthews, University of Maryland; Tam Nguyen, University of Maryland

Keywords: track-before-detect, optical system, SDA, modeling, photometry, astrometry

Photometric Inversion for Uncontrolled Spacecraft Using a Neural Posterior Estimator
Girish Narayanan, University of Auckland; Roberto Armellin, University of Auckland; Nicholas Rattenbury, University of Auckland

Keywords: light curve inversion, attitude estimation, neural posterior estimation, simulation-based inference, normalizing flows, satellite characterization, uncontrolled spacecraft, solar panel articulation, space domain awareness

Photometric Observations of Small Cislunar Targets: The Case of the CAPSTONE CubeSat and Implications for Characterization
William Ryan, New Mexico Tech; Eileen Ryan, New Mexico Tech

Keywords: Cislunar, Space Situational Awareness, Color index, Photometry, Lightcurves, Ground-based observation.

Physics-Informed Extreme Learning Machines for Covariance Estimation in High-Fidelity LEO Orbit Determination
Fabian Dallinger, Universität der Bundeswehr München; Benedikt Aigner, Universität der Bundeswehr München; Thomas Andert, Universität der Bundeswehr München

Keywords: Physics-informed machine learning, Extreme learning machines, Orbit determination, Covariance estimation, Uncertainty quantification, High-fidelity force modeling, Low Earth orbit, SSA/SDA

Physics-informed Machine Learning for Initial Orbit Determination
Sean Wolfe, University of Toronto; M. Reza Emami, University of Toronto

Keywords: Initial Orbit Determination, Orbit Determination, Physics-informed Extreme Learning Machine, Physics-informed Neural Network, Extreme Learning Machine, Temporarily Bound Object, Near-Earth Asteroid

Physics-Informed Representation Learning for Satellite Behavior Characterization Across the Geosynchronous Regime
David Beskow, United States Military Academy; Christopher Gramling, United States Military Academy; Madison Oliver, United States Military Academy

Keywords: Space Domain Awareness, Satellite Behavior Characterization, Geosynchronous Earth Orbit, Behavioral Embeddings, Maneuver Detection, Long Short Term Memory, Representation Learning, Pattern of Life, Behavioral Clustering

Planning and Processing Pipeline for Satellite Observations Using Astronomical Telescopes
Aishling Dignam, NOIRLab

Keywords: Space Situational Awareness, Optical observations, astronomy, characterization

Pointing the Way: Deep Reinforcement Learning on Unordered Sets for Boresight Tasking
Collin Phillips, Virginia Tech

Keywords: Reinforcement Learning, Space Domain Awareness, Autonomous Sensor Tasking, Continuous Boresight Tasking, Deep Neural Networks

Polarimetric Signatures for GEO Satellite Characterization: Experimental Campaign and Modeling
Giuseppe Crescenzio, Officina Stellare SpA; Richard Tozzi, Officina Stellare SpA; Mirco Bartolomei, Officina Stellare SpA; Simone Caretta, Officina Stellare SpA; Andrea Turella, Officina Stellare SpA; Carmelo Arcidiacono, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova; Simone Zaggia, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova; Matteo Simioni, INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova; Luca Cortese, Università degli Studi di Padova; Miriana Lucchini, Università degli Studi di Padova

Keywords: SSA, GEO satellites, polarimetry, Wollaston prism, AFOSC, non-resolved characterization.

Predictive Space Domain Awareness Through Multi-Source Open-Source Intelligence Fusion and Large Language Models
Bryan Minor, Privateer; Matthew Lugo, Privateer

Keywords: Space Domain Awareness, Open-Source Intelligence, Event Forecasting, Large Language Models, Retrieval-Augmented Generation, Predictive Analytics, Maneuver Detection, Data Fusion, Artificial Intelligence, Threat Assessment, Probabilistic Calibration

Preliminary Design of a “Black-Box” for Remote, Real-Time Satellite Failure Attribution
Nancy Diallo, Stanford University; Prachet Jain, Stanford University; Sigrid Elschot, Stanford University

Keywords: Space Debris, Satellite Failure, Attribution, Plasma, Impact, Low-Earth Orbit, Sensors, Diagnostics

Proactive Satellite Threat Detection Through Physics-Informed Pattern of Life Analysis Across All Orbital Regimes
Ingo Waldmann, Spaceflux; Marco Rocchetto, Spaceflux; Kerri Mertz, Spaceflux; Joshua Williamson, Spaceflux; Fiorenzo Stoppa, Spaceflux

Keywords: Pattern of Life, Space Domain Awareness, Space Situational Awareness, Anomaly Detection, Physics-Informed Machine Learning, Orbital Behaviour Analysis, Satellite Characterisation, Proactive Threat Detection, Autonomous Sensor Tasking

Quantifying the Specular-to-Diffuse Transition: Spectral HDR and BRDF Mapping of Surface Morphology Effects for SDA Modeling
Moses Kodur, Surface Optics Corp; Samuel Dummer, Surface Optics Corp

Keywords: Roughness Crossover, Diffuse Gold, Satellite Characterization, SDA, BRDF, HDR Reflectance, Specular vs Diffuse, MWIR/LWIR, Glint, EO/IR Signature Modeling, Surface Metrology, Specular Fraction, Emissivity, Hemispherical Emittance

Quantum-Inspired Evolutionary Optimization for Scalable Satellite Conjunction Assessment and Collision Avoidance
A Anoop, BosonQ Psi Corp; Kandula Eswara Sai Kumar, BosonQ Psi Corp; Abhishek Chopra, BosonQ Psi Corp; Rut Lineswala, BosonQ Psi Corp

Keywords: Satellite Conjunction Analysis, Collision Avoidance, Space Situational Awareness (SSA), Space Domain Awareness (SDA), Quantum‑Inspired Optimization, Conjunction Events, Space Traffic Management

Quasi Real-Time Detection and Characterization of Uncooperative Launches Using Optimized Sensor Networks and Boost-Phase Trajectory Estimation
Jack McHugh, GMV; Emily Swift, GMV; James Fernandes, GMV; Juan José López García, GMV; Keiran McNally, GMV

Keywords: Launch operations monitoring, uncooperative launches, direct-ascent trajectories, space-based sensors, boost-phase trajectory estimation, trajectory characterization, Space Domain Awareness (SDA)

Rashomon in Orbit: When Do Satellite Light Curves Tell the Same Story?
Kimmy De Alba, U.S. Space Force, Space Systems Command; Enrique De Alba, EO Solutions; Alexander Cabello, EO Solutions; Zach Gazak, U.S. Space Force, Space Systems Command; Justin Fletcher, U.S. Space Force, Space Systems Command

Keywords: Aperture photometry, astronomical image processing, robust magnitude estimation, feature fusion, sim-to-real transfer, interpretable machine learning, satellite photometry, domain adaptation.

Reachability-Informed Custody Metrics for Rapid Space Surveillance Tracking and Catalogue Maintenance
Casey Heidrich, University of Colorado Boulder; Marcus Holzinger, University of Colorado Boulder

Keywords: Spacecraft custody, reachability, dynamical systems, maneuver estimation

Real-Time Solar Glint Detection for CubeSat-Based Space Situational Awareness
Yohann Felicite, ISAE-SUPAERO; Kanthanakorn Noysena, National Astronomical Research Institure of Thailand (NARIT)

Keywords: Space Situational Awareness, Solar Glints, Embedded Detection, Pre-Launch Development, IMX500 Sensor, Physics-Based Simulation, CubeSat

Regime-Adaptive Joint State–Drag Estimation for Multi-Sensor Orbit Determination in Terminal Decay
Tomasz Zubowicz, Polish Space Agency; Krzysztof Arminski, Polish Space Agency; Mikolaj Kruzynski, Polish Space Agency; Krzysztof Szyszka, Polish Space Agency; Antoni Wojtala, Polish Space Agency; Mikolaj Karawacki, Polish Space Agency; Patrycja Ignaczak, Polish Space Agency; Weronika Przybyl, Polish Space Agency; Edwin Wnuk, Polish Space Agency; Mariusz Slonina, Polish Space Agency

Keywords: Terminal Decay Orbit Determination, Joint State–Parameter Estimation, Ballistic Coefficient Estimation, Regime-Adaptive Filtering, Re-entry Prediction and Uncertainty Quantification

Resident Space Object Type Classification Using High-Rate Photometry Recovered from Wide-Field Optical Observations
Kai Garcia, Cloudstone Innovations; Nathan Toner, Cloudstone Innovations

Keywords: Photometry, characterization, wide field of view, machine learning

Responsive Autonomous Resident Space Object Imaging and Catalog Maintenance Using Reinforcement Learning Across Orbital Regimes
Daniel Huterer Prats, University of Colorado Boulder; Hanspeter Schaub, University of Colorado Boulder

Keywords: Space Situational Awareness, Space Domain Awareness, Reinforcement Learning, Autonomous Satellite Operations, Space-to-Space Surveillance, Resident Space Objects, Multi-Orbit Imaging, Onboard Autonomy

Results and Conclusions from the COLA Gap Pathfinder
Timothy Gruber, MITRE Corporation; Theresa Bender, MITRE Corporation; Gabrielle Hedrick, MITRE Corporation; Zachary Sibert, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory; Andrew Abraham, The Aerospace Corporation; Robert Wolff, NOAA/Office of Space Commerce

Keywords: COLA gap, post-launch tracking, early detection, initial orbit determination, catalog promotion, catalog custody, space traffic coordination, SSA, SDA, commercial sensing, ground-based optical, radar, space-based optical, owner/operator data sharing, mult

Revealing Orbital and Atmospheric Responses to Solar activity (ROARS): A Small Satellite Constellation Concept for Monitoring Space Weather and Satellite Drag
Ravindra Desai, University of Warwick; James Blake, University of Warwick; Jack Bowden, Open Cosmos; Matthew Brown, University of Birmingham; Johnathan Burchill, University of Calgary; Sean Elvidge, University of Birmingham; David Fischer, Space Research Institute; Colin Forsyth, University College London; Christian Fuchs, German Aerospace Center (DLR); Gabriele Giorgi, German Aerospace Center (DLR); Igor Hoerner, University of Stuttgart; Dhiren Kataria, SWRI; Dong Lin, Clemson University; Stefan Löhle, University of Stuttgart; Werner Magnes, Space Research Institute; Cathryn Mitchell, University of Bath; Georgios Nicolau, University College London; Keiichi Ogasawara, SWRI; Lasse Klausen, University of Oslo; Evgeny Panov, Space Research Institute; Juraj Poliak, German Aerospace Center (DLR); Benjamin Rödiger, German Aerospace Center (DLR); Christopher Schmidt, German Aerospace Center (DLR); Eamon Scullion, Northumbria University; Paul Strøm, University of Warwick; Ansu Sun, Northumbria University; David Themens, University of Birmingham; Robert Watson, Clemson University; Robert Wicks, Northumbria University; Josh Wilkinson, Open Cosmos

Keywords: Atmospheric variability, space weather, satellite drag, satellite laser ranging

Robust Angle Tracklet Generation and Fusion with Visual Magnitude Feature Discrimination
Steven Szklany, Anduril; Anthony Trezza, Anduril; David Smart, Anduril

Keywords: Data association, sensor fusion, angle tracklet generation, space domain awareness, machine learning, visual magnitude, low-cost sensors

Robust EO/IR Glint Estimation Using Deep Neural Networks
Micajah Schweikert, Modern Technology Solutions, Inc.; Nathan Highsmith, Modern Technology Solutions, Inc.; Jorge O'farrill, Modern Technology Solutions, Inc.

Keywords: Electro-optical, Infrared, Glint Estimation, AI, ML,

SatLight: A Python Package for High-Fidelity Light Curve Simulation
Lily Beesley, University of Birmingham; Phineas Whitlock, University of Warwick; Gruffudd Jones, University of Birmingham; James Blake, University of Warwick; Nina Maric, University of Birmingham, Rhea Space Activity; Leah-Nani Alconcel, University of Birmingham

Keywords: SDA, light curve, simulation, characterisation, software

Scalable AI and Knowledge Graph-Based Fusion Methods for Big Data Space Domain Awareness
Moriba Jah, University of Texas Austin

Keywords: Space Domain Awareness, Space Situational Awareness, AI for SDA, multi sensor fusion, multi source fusion, knowledge graphs, graph analytics, agent based AI, large language models, high performance computing, big data analytics, hypothesis based fusion

Scaling GEO Satellite Spectral Classification with Observation-Level Learning for Automated Ingestion Pipelines
Chad Mello, United States Air Force Academy; David Strong, Strong EO Imaging, Inc.; Kyle Jones, Ardent Technologies, Inc.; Timothy Giblin, i2 Strategic Services LLC; Francis Chun, United States Air Force Academy

Keywords: GEO identification, space situational awareness, SDA, slitless spectroscopy, unresolved satellite spectra, Falcon Telescope Network, deep learning, generative augmentation, edge AI, edge compute, near-real-time, on-site processing, latency and throughput

Scaling Orbital Dynamics to the Laboratory: An Industrial-Robot Hardware-in-the-Loop RPO Testbed for Small Satellites
Kelsey Tresemer, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Shawn Higbee, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; E. Albin, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; D. Buban, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; S. Magana-Zook, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; M. Shen, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; M. Stern, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; S. Ludwig, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Z. Shields, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; S. Hunter, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Keywords: hardware in the loop, RPO strategy, fuel strategy

SDA Benchmarking for On-orbit Edge AI Computing
Victor Vergara, AeroVironment; Francisco Viramontes, COSMIAC Research Center; Michael Felix, COSMIAC Research Center; Amanda Fetzer, AFRL; Windy Slater, AFRL

Keywords: Edge AI, Space Debris, YOLO, Object Detection, Benchmark

Simulated Atmospheric Clouds for Electro-Optical Space Domain Awareness
Alexander Cabello, EO Solutions; Claire Acke, EO Solutions; Enrique De Alba, EO Solutions; Jeff Houchard, EO Solutions; Kimmy De Alba, SSC/SYD 85/BI; Zach Gazak, SSC/SYD 85/BI A&AS; Virginia Wright, AFRL

Keywords: Photometry, Atmospheric Clouds, Simulation, Photometric Calibration, Space Domain Awareness, Electro-Optical, Atmospheric Transmission

Simulation-Driven Space Debris Governance Using E-MOCAT, Space Situational Awareness, and Catalyst for Quantitative Policy Assessment
Kyah Adams, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Tyler Barr, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Di Wu, Embry- Riddle Aeronautical University

Keywords: Space Situational Awareness, Space Domain Awareness, Orbital Debris, Space Debris Mitigation, Orbital Sustainability, MOCAT-MC, Monte Carlo Simulation, Debris Environment Modeling, Collision Risk, Fragmentation, Conjunction Assessment, Space Governance

Small-Aperture Ground-Based Spectroscopy for LEO Object Type Identification: Acquisition, Bench References, and Type-Level Results
Hiroshi Oda, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA); Manuel Cegarra Polo, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA); Hirohisa Kurosaki, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)

Keywords: spectroscopy, LEO, object type identification, small‑aperture, precision autoguiding

Snapshot Hyperspectral Imager for Space Domain Awareness
Haosheng Lin, HI-Spectral LLC & Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii; Morgan Bonnet, HI-Spectral LLC & Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii

Keywords: snapshot hyperspectral imaging, spectroscopy

Space Object Classification of Light-Curve Features Using Bayesian Neural Networks
Kimberly Kinateder, Applied Optimization; Brandon Baucher, Applied Optimization; Joseph Timm, Applied Optimization; Alexander Crabtree, Previously with Applied Optimization; Richard Linares, Massachusetts Institute of Technology ; Anil Chaudhary, Applied Optimization

Keywords: Space object characterization; light-curves; Machine Learning; SSA; Bayesian Neural Networks; Space Object Classification

Space-CORE: A Conceptual Framework for Integrated Multi-Physics Modeling to Enhance Space Domain Awareness and Mission Assurance
Zachary Gibson, AFRL; Ryan Hoffmann, AFRL

Keywords: health assessment, space environment, modeling, satellite characterization, anomaly attribution

SpaceSAGA: An Education Platform for Space Natives Using Digital Twins
Henry HO Hur, SpaceMap, Inc.; Franklin DI Kang, SpaceMap, Inc.; Shawn Seunghwan Choi, SpaceMap, Inc.; Peter JH Ryu, SpaceMap, Inc.; Douglas Deok-Soo Kim, SpaceMap, Inc.

Keywords: space education, education platform, human resources

SpaceX’s Conjunction Screening and Space Traffic Coordination Platform
Michael Hoot, SpaceX; Reid Hymes, SpaceX; Alex Petrov, SpaceX; Ian Ruh, SpaceX; Alexander Koenig, SpaceX

Keywords: Space Traffic Coordination, Conjunction Assessment, Collision Avoidance, Space Domain Awareness, Stargaze, Starlink, Constellation, SpaceX, Low-Latency

SSAPy in the Loop: Two-Line Element (TLE)-Driven Orbit Anomaly Detection with Autoencoders and Isolation Forests
Travis Yeager, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Talin Guliani, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Joel Diamond, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Denvir Higgins, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Keywords: TLE, SGP4, orbit propagation, orbital feature engineering, time series, anomaly detection, LSTM autoencoder, Isolation Forest, satellite maneuver detection, SDA, SSA, SSAPy

Stargaze: SpaceX’s Space Situational Awareness System
Javier Roa Vicens, SpaceX; Eric Stoker-Spirt, SpaceX; Henrique Carmargo-Polido, SpaceX; Jason Chu, SpaceX; Curran Muhlberger, SpaceX; Kyle Krol, SpaceX; Alex Bixel, SpaceX; Cameron Ramos, SpaceX; Mehregan Dor, SpaceX; Nadim Khairallah, SpaceX; Ian Ruh, SpaceX; Vince Giralo, SpaceX; Alex Petrov, SpaceX; Michael Hoot, SpaceX; Erik Babcock, SpaceX; David Goldstein, SpaceX

Keywords: space situational awareness, optical tracking, orbit determination, ephemerides, screening, orbit predictions

Stochastic Dynamics of Low Earth Orbit Near Full Capacity
Priyank Behera, Clemson University; Aditya Gopalan, Purdue University; Harsha Honnappa, Purdue University

Keywords: orbital capacity, space debris, stochastic modeling, carrying capacity, debris removal, fast-slow dynamics

Storm-proofing LEO Cataloguing: Operational Mitigation of Space Weather-Driven Drag Uncertainty
Jedrzej Mosiezny, GMV; Lorenzo Porcelli, GMV; Jie Chen, GMV; Valerio Levi, GMV; Alejandro Pastor, GMV; Sean Bruinsma, CNES; Dennis Thesing, German Aerospace Center (DLR); Andreas Bachlechner, German Aerospace Center (DLR); Thurid Mannel, German Aerospace Center (DLR)

Keywords: space weather, thermospheric density, atmospheric drag, geomagnetic storms, LEO cataloguing, orbit propagation, orbit determination, uncertainty realism, EU SST, NRLMSIS, DTM, JB2008, ballistic coefficient, space situational awareness

Synthetic In-track Fence Tracking (SIFT) for Coplanar Search Tasking in LEO
James Herring, Slingshot Aerospace; Alex Ferris, Slingshot Aerospace; Jack Wickstrom, Slingshot Aerospace; Carl Steinhauser, Slingshot Aerospace; Ari Larson, Slingshot Aerospace; Jeffrey Shaddix, Slingshot Aerospace; Belinda Marchand, Slingshot Aerospace

Keywords: Electro-optical Systems, Sensor-systems, Gimbaled Optical Systems, Ground-based Systems, Daytime Imaging, Imaging, Image Processing, Tasking, Launch Tracking, Reentry Tracking, Low-altitude Tracking, LEO, LEO Custody, Space Domain Awareness

Synthetic Space Debris Populations from Break-Up Events
Lorenzo Olivieri, DII/CISAS, University of Padova; Francesco Fabri, CISAS; Alberto Abiti, CISAS; Nicolò Trabacchin, CISAS; Cinzia Giacomuzzo, CISAS; Alessandro Francesconi, DII/CISAS, University of Padova

Keywords: Space Debris, Synthetic Population, Collisions, Explosions, Simulations

Tactically Responsive Space (TacRS): Successes and Challenges, VICTUS HAZE, and the Necessity of an RPO Threat Response Capability
George Eberwine, Space Systems Command; Rick Yuan, Space Systems Command

Keywords: TacRS, Tactically Responsive Space, RPO, Characterization, DSO, Dynamic Space Operations, USSF, VICTUS HAZE, VICTUS

TDOA/FDOA-Based Orbit Determination for Cislunar Spacecraft Using VLBI: A Multi-Mission Case Study
Guifre Molera Calves, HENSOLDT/University of Tasmania; Oliver White, University of Tasmania; Joe Wilson, HENSOLDT; Dominic Dirkx, Delft University of Technology; Pascal Christiaanse, Delft University of Technology

Keywords: VLBI, cis-lunar, radio telescopes

The AI Librarian: Building a Modern Data Library with an Agentic AI Data Broker
Devon Messecar, United States Space Force

Keywords: agentic, AI, data broker, data federation, agents, large language model, data feeds, data access, data discoverability, UDL

The Epistemic Support-Point Filter (ESPF): Possibilistic Space Object State Estimation Under Ignorance
Best Paper Award Winner 2026
Moriba Jah, University of Texas Austin; Van Haslett, University of Texas Austin

Keywords: Space Domain Awareness, Space Situational Awareness, State Estimation, Orbit Determination, Non-Bayesian Filtering, Possibility Theory, Epistemic Uncertainty, Hypothesis Testing, Model Mismatch, Sparse Observations, GEO Tracking, Angles-Only Measurements,

The PHANTOM ECHOES – Cislunar Experiment
Simon George, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (UK); Grant Privett, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (UK); Paul Chote, University of Warwick; Lauchie Scott, Defence Research and Development Canada; Stefan Thorsteinson, Defence Research and Development Canada; Jovan Skuljan, Defence Science and Technology; Cristina Parigini, University of Auckland; Roberto Armellin, University of Auckland; Jason Alvino, DSTG; Kenneth Smart, CSIRO; Léa Powys, CSIRO; Timothy Bateman, CSIRO; David Schwab, AFRL; James Frith, AFRL

Keywords: space domain awareness, space situational awareness, astrodynamics, experimentation, orbit determination, observation, cislunar SDA,

The Radar Constrained Admissible Region for Multi-Hypothesis Filtering
Thomas Dearing, CACI; Isaiah Owsley, CACI; Piyush Mehta, West Virginia University

Keywords: Constrained Admissible Region, Multi-hypothesis Filtering, Radar

Towards Autonomous Space Situational Awareness at the Edge: Flight Results from NASA Starling
Justin Kruger, EraDrive, Inc.; Alex Mescher, EraDrive, Inc.; Aviad Golan, EraDrive, Inc.; Sumant Sharma, EraDrive, Inc.; Simone D'Amico, EraDrive, Inc.

Keywords: Space situational awareness, space-based assets, autonomy, optical navigation, orbit determination, distributed space systems, space traffic management

Trajectory Characterization Capabilities of Hamiltonian Normal Forms
Carson Hunsberger, Pennsylvania State University; Roshan Eapen, Pennsylvania State University; Puneet Singla, Pennsylvania State University

Keywords: Characterization, Hamiltonian, normal form, libration point, center manifold, action-angle

Transformer Networks for Spaceborne Detection of Temporarily Bound Objects
Widy Wang, University of Toronto; Sean Wolfe, University of Toronto; M. Reza Emami, University of Toronto

Keywords: Temporarily bound objects, Near-Earth asteroids, Spaceborne object detection, transformer network, Machine learning, Cislunar space domain awareness

Transformer-Based Resident Space Object (RSO) Characterization from Photometric Time Series Observations
Steven Rossland, University of Colorado Boulder; Greg Furlich, University of Colorado Boulder; Tanner Gill, University of Colorado Boulder; Brian Sweeney, University of Colorado Boulder

Keywords: Transformer Models; Photometric Time Series; Satellite Characterization; Space Domain Awareness; Fourier Analysis; Machine Learning

Tuning Process Noise Magnitude in Estimation Filters Using Autonomous Multiple Model Approach
Charles J. Wetterer, KBR; Jason Baldwin, Complex Futures LLC; Paul Billings, KBR; Keric Hill, KBR; Chris Craft, KBR; Juan Gutierrez, KBR; John Gaebler, KBR; Micah Dilley, KBR; Jill Bruer, AFRL

Keywords: Orbit Determination, Cislunar, Estimation, Process Noise

Turning Uncorrelated Tracks into Catalogued Objects: An Operational Approach to Track Association Using Commercial SSA Data
Laura Pirovano, NorthStar Earth & Space, Inc.; Naron Phou, NorthStar Earth & Space, Inc.; Catherine Massé, NorthStar Earth & Space, Inc.; Narendra Gollu, NorthStar Earth & Space, Inc.; Yann Picard, NorthStar Earth & Space, Inc.

Keywords: space-based, SSA, data association, UCT, track association, catalogue maintenance

Uncertainty Quantification in Physics-Informed Orbit Determination for Space Domain Awareness
Andrea D'Ambrosio, University of South Florida; Andrea Scorsoglio, University of Arizona; Roberto Furfaro, University of Arizona

Keywords: Orbit determination, physics-informed neural networks, uncertainty quantification, space domain awareness

Understanding Thermospheric Modelling Uncertainty and Variability in Very-Low Earth Orbits
Alex Bush, OKAPI:Orbits GmbH; Adrian Diez, OKAPI:Orbits GmbH; Oscar Rodriguez Fernandez, OKAPI:Orbits GmbH; Sebastian Hesselbach, DLR, German Space Situational Awareness Centre

Keywords: Orbit Determination, Space Weather, Uncertainty, Covariance Realism, VLEO, LEO, UKF, Kalman Filter

Unintended Satellite Electromagnetic Radio Frequency Emissions for Expeditiary Space Domain Awareness (SDA)
Karen Canne, Nokomis, Inc.

Keywords: Passive RF, Constant Custody, Space Domain Awareness, Daylight Tracking, Unintended RF, satellite tracking

Updates to Stingray: Photometric Survey of the GEO Belt
Tanner Campbell, University of Arizona; Andrew Avalos, University of Arizona; Daniel Gray, Sidereal Technology; Scott Tucker, Starizona; Vishnu Reddy Kanupuru, University of Arizona

Keywords: GEO Characterization, COTS sensor system






TECHNICAL PAPERS BY YEAR


TECHNICAL PAPERS BY TRACK

Track names assigned according to the track/sessions used per year and reflect the evolution of topics over the years

  • Adaptive Optics
  • Adaptive Optics & Imaging
  • Adaptive Optics and Imaging
  • AI for SDA Applications
  • Astrodynamics
  • Astronomy
  • Astronomy and Astronomical Catalogs
  • Atmospherics
  • Atmospherics/Space Weather
  • Cislunar SDA
  • Cislunar SSA
  • Conjunction Assessment
  • Conjunction/RPO
  • Data and Services
  • Daylight Imaging
  • Dynamic Tasking
  • Faint Object Detection
  • Featured
  • Imaging
  • Instrumentation & Optical Surveillance
  • Instrumentation Design
  • Instrumentation, Sensors & Systems
  • Integrating Diverse Data
  • International Programs
  • Iridium/Cosmos Collision
  • Lasers
  • Machine Learning Applications of SSA
  • Machine Learning for SDA Applications
  • Machine Learning for SSA Applications
  • Modeling
  • Modeling, Analysis and Simulations
  • Non-Resolved Object Characterization
  • Novel Approaches to Electro-optical SSA Sensing
  • Optical Systems
  • Optical Systems & Instrumentation
  • Orbital Debris
  • Pan-STARRS
  • Poster
  • Satellite Characterization
  • satellite imaging, sensor system
  • Satellite Metrics
  • SDA Systems & Instrumentation
  • Sensor Processing
  • Space Debris
  • Space Domain Awareness
  • Space Situational Awareness
  • Space Systems
  • Space Weather/Atmospherics
  • Space-Based Assets
  • Space-Based_Assets
  • SSA & SSA Architecture
  • SSA Algorithms
  • SSA Systems & Programs
  • SSA/SDA
  • Systems
  • Tasking
  • Telescopes and Instrumentation

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