Miguel Nunes, Hawaii Space Flight Laboratory; Piper Kline, Hawaii Space Flight Laboratory; Peter Englert, University of Hawaii at Manoa; Craig Hardgrove, Arizona State University; William Edmonson, University of Hawaii at Manoa; Scott Ginoza, Hawaii Space Flight Laboratory
Keywords: Neutron-2, CubeSat, space weather, neutron flux, space radiation, satellite protection, attitude formation, real-time monitoring, neutron detectors, space asset resilience.
Abstract:
The Neutron-2 CubeSat mission aims to measure the neutron environment in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) using a dual-satellite formation equipped with next-generation neutron detectors developed at Arizona State University (ASU). The project will leverage lessons from the Neutron-1 CubeSat launched from the ISS in 2020 using a new payload and a redesigned spacecraft for increased orbital lifetime. This project also leverages the strong relationship between the University of Hawaii and ASU. The Neutron-2 project is currently funded as a University Nanosat Program (UNP) sponsored by the Air Force for its design phase, being led by students of the University of Hawaii with mentorship by faculty and experts in the community.
Space Weather Monitoring & SSA. The dual CubeSat system will provide space weather monitoring with high-resolution, real-time mapping of the neutron radiation environment in LEO. This data is critical for understanding space weather effects, such as solar particle events (SPEs) and cosmic ray interactions, which can impact the functionality and reliability of DoD satellites and space assets. Utilizing multiple satellites can increase spatial coverage opportunities for detecting rare events regarding solar ejection events. This attitude formation-flying mission will offer a more comprehensive understanding of radiation variations and hazards in LEO by measuring neutron flux from different spatial positions. To reduce the mission cost and its complexity while maintaining the scientific objectives, the relative position of the two satellites will be measured but not controlled. The science requirements also do not impose position formation, but they do impose attitude formation. These measurements will help understand and predict the effects of solar activity and cosmic radiation on spacecraft and ground systems, which can impact communication, navigation, and satellite function.
Radiation Environment Characterization for Space Assets. Understanding the neutron environment in LEO is essential for designing radiation-tolerant and hardened spacecraft. Accurate mapping of the neutron environment is a vital part for protecting space assets. Neutrons threaten sensitive electronics aboard satellites, causing single-event upsets (SEUs) and other radiation-induced damage. Real-time neutron flux data collected from CubeSats can inform stakeholders about optimal satellite design and shielding strategies and provide operational warnings for satellites at risk of high radiation exposure.
Anomaly Detection & Space Security. Neutron-2 will contribute to space domain awareness (SDA) by detecting unexpected neutron-induced anomalies in satellites. Identify unexpected events, such as satellite malfunctions or potential hostile actions, to ensure space assets’ security and operational safety. The system can help detect and characterize anomalies, such as space weather disturbances, which could affect spacecraft and sensors. Early warning and detailed data on such events can inform satellite operations and asset protection strategies, improving resilience in space operations.
Date of Conference: September 16-19, 2025
Track: Atmospherics/Space Weather