Technical Papers – 2025

A Framework for Space Safety Analysis: Fragmentation Footprint and Multi-Shell Critical Density
Di Wu, Embry Riddle Aeronautical University

Keywords: Space Sustainability, Quantification, Space Safety, Critical Density, Fragmentation Footprint

A Game-Theoretical Exploration of L1/L2 Cislunar Space Situational Awareness Using Bayesian Games
John Boh, The University of Texas at Austin; Zachary Funke, AFIT/CIG; Maruthi Akella, The University of Texas at Austin

Keywords: Cislunar Space, Space Situational Awareness, Space Domain Awareness, Orbital Surveillance, Game Theory, Detection Likelihood, Satellite Maneuvering, Minimum-ΔV Transfers, CR3BP, Space Security, Lunar Operations, Space Traffic Management

A High-Performance and Robust Light Curve Inversion Method for Attitude Monitoring of Three-Axis Stabilised Satellites
Jorge Rubio, GMV & Universidad Carlos III de Madrid; Adrian de Andrés, GMV; Carlos Paulete, GMV; Ángel Gallego, GMV; Jose Miguel Lozano, GMV; Diego Escobar, GMV; Alberto Agueda, GMV

Keywords: attitude estimation, attitude monitoring, light curve, three-axis stabilised satellite

A Mission-Oriented Framework for Evaluating Space Situational Awareness Data
Phillip Schmedeman, US Space Command; Joseph Gerber, Proxima Aerospace; Daniel Herber, Colorado State University

Keywords: Space Domain Awareness, satellite tracking, data analytics, evaluation framework, data-driven decision making

A Modular Benchmarking Framework for Evaluating Large Language Models in Space Situational Awareness using Notice to Space Operators Data
Trier Mortlock, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Ronit Agarwala, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Jayson Luc Peterson, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Imene Goumiri, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Jason Bernstein, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Keywords: Natural Language Processing, Large Language Models, Space Domain Awareness, Notice to Space Operators

A New Node for Space Weather Awareness: The New Neutron Monitor Station in Hawai’i and AMS on the ISS
Veronica Bindi, University of Hawaii at Manoa; Nikolay Nikonov, University of Hawaii at Manoa; Cristina Consolandi, University of Hawaii at Manoa; Abhinandan Dass, University of Hawaii at Manoa; Claudio Corti, University of Hawaii at Manoa

Keywords: Space Weather, Neutron Monitors, Cosmic Rays, Solar Cycle 25, Space Situational Awareness (SSA), Space Domain Awareness (SDA), Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS-02), Solar Energetic Particles, Forbush Decreases, Space Weather Forecasting, Haleakalā Neutro

A Novel Technique for Realistic Uncertainty Characterization In Dynamic LEO Environment
Rachit Bhatia, West Virginia University; Piyush Mehta, West Virginia University

Keywords: Half-life modeling, space weather, astrodynamics, dynamic LEO, space domain awareness

A Quantitative Assessment of Optimized GEO Survey Strategies using Space Based Optical Sensors
Nikita Sehrawat, Digantara; Shashanka Athigiri, Digantara; Ananthu Krishna, Digantara; Tanveer Ahmed, Digantara; Thamim Ansari, Digantara

Keywords: Space Based SSA, Space Operations, GEO Survey, Optical SBSSA

A Sensitivity Analysis of DAS Lifetime Collision Probability Estimates
Yash Chandramouli, Amazon Project Kuiper; Liberty Shockley, Amazon Project Kuiper

Keywords: collision probability, lifetime, debris, space safety

A Three Pillar Algorithm Pipeline for Low Latency Space Object Maneuver Detection
Patrick Miga, Advanced Space; Matthew Givens, Advanced Space

Keywords: Space Domain Awareness, Low Latency, Maneuver Detection, Restricted IOD, Object Association, Reachability

Accurate LEO Tracking with Passive RF – Measurement and Results Analysis
Baptiste Guillot, Safran Data Systems; François Thevenot, Safran Data Systems; Sébastien Herbiniere, Safran Data Systems; Thierry Balanche, Safran Data Systems

Keywords: Passive RF, TDOA, FDOA, LEO, non-GSO, SSA, SDA, SAFRAN, sensor, daylight, passive radar, passive ranging, IOD

Adaptive Tracking of Space Objects using Riemannian Manifolds on the 2-Sphere
Leonardo Cament, Universidad de Chile; Martin Adams, Universidad de Chile; Elías Obreque, Northumbria University; Pablo Barrios, Universidad de Chile

Keywords: SSA, multi-object tracking, Poisson Labelled multi-Bernoulli Filter, Dynamic Orbit Model

Advancing Concepts for Global Coordination on SSA
Mariel Borowitz, Office of Space Commerce; Cristina Pérez Hernández, Spanish Space Agency; Morgane Jouisse, CNES; Aurélie Gillet, EU SST; Pascal Faucher, CNES

Keywords: TraCSS, EU SST, International Cooperation, Space Traffic Coordination, STC, SSA

Advancing RSO Characterisation: Flyby Non-Earth Imaging for Attitude State and Tumble Rate Estimation
Sam Kirkwood, HEO; Jack Sines, HEO; James Allworth, HEO; Karla Vincent, HEO; Hannah Dawe, HEO; Francesco Scopelliti, HEO; Hiranya Jayakody, HEO; William Crowe, HEO

Keywords: non-earth imagery, non-earth imaging, imaging, NEI, space based assets, attitude, tumble rate

Aerodynamic Modeling in Very Low Earth Orbit: An Investigation into the GOCE Satellite
Matilde Monteiro, University of Aveiro; Pedro Casau, University of Aveiro; Nuno Carvalho, University of Aveiro

Keywords: Orbital aerodynamics, atmospheric drag, ADBSat, GOCE satellite

Agentic LLMs & Multimodal Data Fusion for Space Domain Awareness
Karis Courey, Booz Allen Hamilton; Stephen Gerrells, Booz Allen Hamilton; Michael Moniger, Booz Allen Hamilton; Aubrey Shields, Booz Allen Hamilton; Karen Phumisithikul, Booz Allen Hamilton

Keywords: LLMs, Space Domain Awareness, SDA, Space Battle Management, SBM, Multi-Agent Systems, Agentic Architectures, Orbital Data Analysis, Publicly Available Information, PAI, Multimodal Data Fusion, AI, Machine Learning, Anomaly Detection, RAG, NLP

AI-Driven Satellite Characterization: Enhancing RSO Detection with Deep Learning and Non-Earth Imaging
Alexander Rogers, Turion Space; Mohamed Hasan, Turion Space; Ryan Westerdahl, Turion Space; Thomas Cooley, Turion Space

Keywords: Machine Learning, space-based imaging, non-earth imaging, uncertainty quantification, trustworthy AI

An Introduction to the Optical Fence Subnetwork for Optical Triangulation
Tomasz Zubowicz, Polish Space Agency; Mikolaj Kruzynski, Polish Space Agency; Zygmunt Aniol, Polish Space Agency; Krzysztof Arminski, Polish Space Agency; Mikolaj Karawacki, Polish Space Agency; Krzysztof Szyszka, Polish Space Agency; Tymoteusz Trocki, Polish Space Agency; Judyta Wojtala, Polish Space Agency; Pawel Zmudzki, Polish Space Agency

Keywords: optical triangulation, LEO, sensors network

Application of ODTK and LSAS Algorithms for UCT Processing
Tim Glinski, LSAS Tec; Drew Latta, LSAS Tec; Andrew Allen, LSAS Tec

Keywords: UCT, SDA, Debris

Application of Uncertainty Propagation with Adaptive Gaussian Mixture Models for Cislunar Objects
John Gaebler, KBR; Juan Gutierrez, KBR; Paul Billings, KBR; Christopher Craft, KBR; Charles J. Wetterer, KBR; Jason Baldwin, Complex Futures; Micah Dilley, KBR; Jill Bruer, AFRL

Keywords: Uncertainty propagation, adaptive GMM, cislunar

Applying Deep Learning Object Detection Techniques to Detect RSOs for Ground-Based EO Sensors 
Aidan Lorenz, ARKA; Shawn Abernethy, ARKA; Mike Fischer, ARKA; Jacob Griesbach, ARKA; W. Jody Mandeville, InTrack Radar Technologies; Sid Arora, InTrack Radar Technologies; Tim McLaughlin, InTrack Radar Technologies; Harshitha Challa, West Virginia University; Piyush Mehta, West Virginia University

Keywords: machine learning, object detection, convolutional neural networks, CNNs, LNT, debris detection

Applying Deep Learning to Anomaly Detection of Russian Satellite Activity for Indications Prior to Military Activity
David Kurtenbach, Kansas State University; Megan Manly, Kansas State University; Zach Metzinger, Kansas State University

Keywords: Autoencoder, Russia, Pattern of Life, Anomaly Detection, Deep Learning, SDA

Assessing the Operational Impacts of Orbital Debris
Benjamin Skopic, Institute for Defense Analyses; Cameron Liang, Institute for Defense Analyses; Hannah Yi, Institute for Defense Analyses

Keywords: SERPENS, mission availability, collision avoidance maneuvers, orbital debris

Astronomical Observatories as Tools for Space Object Characterization
Aishling Dignam, NSF NOIRLab

Keywords: space situational awareness, astronomy, telescope, observations

AURORAS: Orbit Determination with Just One Look
Harrison Krantz, Applied Research Associates; Jeffrey Bloch, Applied Research Associates; Nathaniel Serda, Applied Research Associates; Don Flechtner, Applied Research Associates; Peter McMahon-Crabtree, Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate

Keywords: orbit determination, event-based, neuromorphic, passive optical

Australian Orbit Determination of Manoeuvring GEO Satellites
Mark Rutten, InTrack Solutions; Cameron Webb, Defence Science Technology Group; Sergey Kharabash, Defence Science Technology Group; Kruger White, Defence Science Technology Group

Keywords: Data Fusion, Space Domain Awareness, Manoeuvre Detection, Orbit Determination

Automated Similarity-Based Inference for Space Object Characterization
Randy Jensen, Stottler Henke Associates, Inc.; Arthur Goldblatt, Stottler Henke Associates, Inc.; Joseph Birtman, Stottler Henke Associates, Inc.; Devin Cline, Stottler Henke Associates, Inc.; William Lin, Stottler Henke Associates, Inc.; Gregory Howe, Stottler Henke Associates, Inc.

Keywords: Space Domain Awareness, Multi-Source Reasoning, Data Fusion, Relational Network, Knowledge Graph, Satellite Characterization, Object Classification, Similarity-Based Inference

Automated Target Injection for Sensor-Specific Model Calibration
Kevin Phan, EO Solutions; David Chaparro, EO Solutions; Taylor Phan, EO Solutions; Justin Fletcher, Space Systems Command A&AS

Keywords: Space Domain Awareness, Sensor Drift, Automated Target Injection, Space Situational Awareness, Object Detection, Transfer Learning, Small Aperture Telescope, Machine Learning, Deep Learning

Automating Motion Hypothesis Methods for Cislunar Satellite Discovery
Stefan Doucette, InTrack Radar Technologies; Kaitlyn Raub, InTrack Radar Technologies; William J. Mandeville, InTrack Radar Technologies; Tim McLaughlin, InTrack Radar Technologies

Keywords: cislunar, xgeo, motion hypothesis, velocity search, algorithm, discovery

Benefits of RTN Reference Frame as Standard for Optical Observation Data
Sean Stratton, SciTec

Keywords: Data Fusion, RSO Tracking, Tracking Performance, RTN Reference Frame

Beyond Density Alone: Accuracy Assessment of Atmospheric Models for Orbit Prediction from a Satellite Operator’s Perspective
Pol Mesalles-Ripoll, SpaceNav; Zachary Waldron, SpaceNav; Alex Sanchez, SpaceNav; Roman Rositani, SpaceNav; Matt Duncan, SpaceNav

Keywords: drag, space weather, space situational awareness, atmosphere, density, model, orbit determination, orbit prediction

Bias and Denoising Techniques to Improve Dim RSO Detection by up to 2.9x with an Event-based Vision Sensor
Brian McReynolds, U.S. Air Force Academy; Rachel Oliver, Air Force Institute of Technology; Peter McMahon-Crabtree, AFRL Space Vehicles Directorate; Michal Zolnowski, 6ROADS Optical Observatories; Tobi Delbruck, Institute of Neuroinformatics, UZH/ETH Zurich

Keywords: Event-based, Neuromorphic, SDA, Optimization, Sensitivity, Dim object detection

Bridging the Gap: The Critical Need for Crew Resource Management (CRM) Training in Space Domain Operations
Jason Goldberg, Riverside Research Institute; Timothy Waltz, Riverside Research Institute

Keywords: Crew Resource Management, Behavioral Psychology, Human Behavior, High Performance Teams, Human-Human-Teaming

Bring the Noise: Three Rules for Improving Thermospheric Density Retrieval From LEO POD Data
Charles Constant, University College London; Shaylah Mutschler, Space Environment Technologies; Santosh Bhattarai, University College London; Marcin Pilinski, University of Colorado at Boulder / Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics

Keywords: Atmospheric Density Inversion, POD, Orbit Propagation, Data Assimilation

Characterizing, Reconstructing, and Analyzing Maneuvers
Thomas Johnson, Exa Research, LLC

Keywords: Maneuver, Orbit Determination, Characterization

Cislunar Admissible Regions from Periodic Orbit Manifolds
Cedric Petion, The University of Texas at Austin; Brandon Jones, The University of Texas at Austin

Keywords: admissible regions, cislunar, multi-fidelity, uncertainty propagation, initial orbit determination (IOD), space situational awareness (SSA)

Cislunar SDA with the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST)
Richard Paxman, ARKA Group; Thomas Rimmele, DKIST, National Solar Observatory; Andreas Hayden, ARKA Group

Keywords: cislunar SDA, adaptive optics, detection, tracking,

Co-operative Optical and Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) Systems for High-Resolution In-Orbit Conditional Monitoring of Satellites
Leah-Nani Alconcel, University of Birmingham, UK; Lily Beesley, University of Birmingham, UK; Gruffudd Jones, University of Birmingham, UK; Morgan Coe, University of Birmingham, UK; Marina Gashinova, University of Birmingham, UK

Keywords: inverse synthetic aperture radar, ISAR, satellite characterisation, encounter modelling

Collision Avoidance Maneuver Planning and Optimization Considering Control Uncertainty and Mission Requirements
Shrouti Dutta, NorthStar Earth & Space, Inc.; Matteo Budoni, NorthStar Earth & Space, Inc.; Guillermo Escribano, NorthStar Earth & Space, Inc.; Priyatharsan Rajasekar, NorthStar Earth & Space, Inc.; Laura Pirovano, NorthStar Earth & Space; Manuel Sanjurjo-Rivo, NorthStar Earth & Space, Inc.; Yann Picard, NorthStar Earth & Space Inc.

Keywords: astrodynamics, collision avoidance, space debris, maneuver planning

Conjunction Assessment Performance and Operational Comparisons between the USSF Mission Delta 2 Conjunction Analysis System and the Traffic Coordination System for Space (TraCSS)
Robert Wolff, Office of Space Commerce; Christian Ramos, USSF Commercial Integration Office/Mission Delta 2; Jeff Cornelius, Parsons; Quentin Collins, Office of Space Commerce - contractor

Keywords: TraCSS, Space Traffic Coordination, Space Traffic Management, CA, Conjunction, Conjunction Assessment, Collision, Avoidance

Coordinated Ground and Space-Based Observations of Resident Space Objects
Sarah Caddy, University of Melbourne, Australia; Lee Spitler, Macquarie University; Sam Kirkwood, HEO; James Allworth, HEO; Stuart Bartlett, HEO

Keywords: off-the-shelf, non-Earth imaging, space assets, Huntsman Telescope, light curves

Correlation of Rotational Motion of Rocket Bodies with Falcon Telescope Network Photometric Observations
Tae Lim, United States Naval Academy; Francis Chun, U.S. Air Force Academy; Benjamin Roth, U.S. Air Force Academy; David Strong, Strong EO Imaging, Inc.; Timothy Giblin, i2 Strategic Services LLC

Keywords: Rocket body rotational motion characterization, photometric observation, Falcon Telescope Network, space debris removal

Cosmic Collaboratory: The SDA AI/ML Model Hosting Service
John Ossorgin, Sandia National Laboratories; Forest Danford, Sandia National Laboratories; Kyle Merry, Sandia National Laboratories

Keywords: model zoo, hosting service, AI/ML, models, SDA, SSA, community, space control

Coupling of Thermosphere-Exosphere Helium Dynamics for Improved Satellite Drag Physics
Sarah Luettgen, University of Colorado Boulder; Eric Sutton, University of Colorado / SWx TREC; Jeffrey Thayer, University of Colorado

Keywords: thermosphere, exosphere, helium, modeling, drag, space weather, LEO, upper atmosphere, neutral density

Cybersecurity for Responsible AI/ML Usage in SDA Applications
Daniel Kline, Johns Hopkins University

Keywords: Cybersecurity, AI, ML, Intrusion Detection, Intrusion Prevention, Cyber Kill Chain

Decisive Mission Analysis Capability: A Physics-Based Testing and Evaluation Framework for Space Domain Awareness
Cameron Harris, EO Solutions; Miguel Rodriguez, AFRL; Virginia Wright, AFRL; Jonathan Kadan, Space Systems Command; Justin Fletcher, Space Systems Command

Keywords: Space Domain Awareness, Testing and Evaluation, System Performance, Benchmark Data

Deep Learning Based Classification of GEOs using Unresolved Spectral Data
George Landon, Cedarville University; David Strong, Strong EO Imaging, Inc.; Timothy Giblin, i2 Strategic Services LLC; Benjamin Roth, U.S. Air Force Academy; Francis Chun, U.S. Air Force Academy

Keywords: Space Situational Awareness, Space Domain Awareness, Geosynchronous, Non-Resolved Objects, Characterization, Spectroscopy, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Falcon Telescope Network

Deep Multi-Task And Representation Learning Method for Atmospheric Turbulence Prediction and Correction from Focal Plane Speckle Images
Vignesh Kumar Pandian Sathia, Georgia State University; Nick Murphy, Georgia State University; Ruchir Namjoshi, Georgia State University; Dustin Kempton, Georgia State University; Fabien Baron, Georgia State University; Stuart Jefferies, Georgia State University; Berkay Aydin, Georgia State University

Keywords: machine learning, adaptive optics, speckle image, zernike coefficient, atmospheric turbulence

Design of a Space-based Hyperspectral Characterization Sensor
Raymond Wright, BAE Systems; Geoffrey Lake, Icebox Engineering; Thomas Drouillard, BAE Systems; Andrew Wernersbach, BAE Systems; Kedar Naik, BAE Systems; Michael Dittman, BAE Systems; Matthew Tooth, BAE Systems

Keywords: Space Domain Awareness, Hyperspectral, Characterization, Space-Based Assets, Cislunar

Designing a Longwave Infrared Architecture to Improve Space Domain Awareness in Low Earth Orbit
Allen Wautlet, BAE Systems; Justin Kim, BAE Systems; Michael Veto, BAE Systems; Matthew Tooth, BAE Systems; Raymond Wright, BAE Systems; Jared Steffen, University of Colorado Boulder

Keywords: LEO, SDA, LWIR, Visible, Architecture

Detecting Satellite Maneuver Intent Using Game Theory
Guanchu He, University of Colorado Colorado Springs; Philip Brown, University of Colorado Colorado Springs; Kaylee Barcroft, Astra Ultra; Jeffrey Smith, Astra Ultra; Matthew Bonn, Astra Ultra; Josue Cardoso dos Santos, University of Colorado Colorado Springs; Jackson Thorne, University of Colorado Colorado Springs

Keywords: Co-orbital ASAT, game theory, sda, rpo

Development of VISION (Vigilant Integrated Space Information and mOnitoring Network): An Integrated Space Information Monitoring System for Space Flight Safety
Jaedong Seong, Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI); Okchul Jung, Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI); Youeyun Jung, Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI); Saehan Song, Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI)

Keywords: Space Situational Awareness (SSA), Space Domain Awareness (SDA), Conjunction Data Message (CDM), Space Traffic Management (STM), Automated Space Information Processing, Collision Risk Assessment, Space Information Integration

Differentiating Weather Phenomena from Reentering Objects Using NEXRAD Radar
Moriba Jah, GaiaVerse Ltd., Jah Decision Intelligence Group, University of Texas at Austin; Anirudh Selvam, University of Texas at Austin

Keywords: NEXRAD Level II, radar data analysis, cloud classification, reentering bodies, space debris, Doppler velocity, spectral width, machine learning.

Diode-Pumped Alkali Laser LiDAR Network for Enhanced Space Domain Awareness
Bill Hersman, LiDAR Space; Mike Briggs, LiDAR Space; Jan Distelbrink, LiDAR Space; Jeff Ketel, LiDAR Space; Steve Ketel, LiDAR Space; Iulian Ruset, LiDAR Space

Keywords: LiDAR, diode-pumped alkali laser, FADOF, Lethal Non-Trackable debris,

Drag Management and Conjunction Prevention for a Crosslink CubeSat Laser Communications Mission
Paige Forester, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Abigail Lee, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Celvi Lisy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Danielle Coogan, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Kerri Cahoy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Keywords: Conjunction analysis, CubeSat, Lasercom, Free space optical

Dual-band Characterisation of Low-Earth Orbit Satellites Using Machine Learning Techniques
Alexander Macmanus, University of Warwick & Defence Science Technology Laboratory (Dstl); Don Pollacco, University of Warwick; Paul Chote, University of Warwick; Calum Meredith, Defence Science Technology Laboratory (Dstl)

Keywords: SSA, SDA, characterisation, LEO, optical, infrared, machine learning

Dynamic Sensor Tasking for Automated Resident Space Object Characterization
William Oldroyd, Katalyst Space Technologies; Jeffrey Uyekawa, Katalyst Space Technologies; Jeremy Correa, Katalyst Space Technologies; Fernando Aguirre, Katalyst Space Technologies

Keywords: Satellite Characterization, Resident Space Object (RSO) Characterization, Space Domain Awareness (SDA), Space Situational Awareness (SSA), Tactically Responsive Space (TacRS)

Efficient Photometric Modeling of Complex Spacecraft Geometries toward Next-Generation Light Curve Analysis
Jordan Maxwell, SCOUT Space Inc.

Keywords: Light Curve, Photometry, Space Target, Spacecraft, Machine Learning, Shape Reconstruction, Light Curve Inversion

Electro-optical Signature Generation Using Physic-Aided Deep Neural Networks
Jorge O'Farrill, Modern Technology Solutions Incorporated; Nathan Highsmith, Modern Technology Solutions Incorporated; Isaac Nelson, University of Alabama; Elise Theriot, University of Alabama

Keywords: AI/ML, attention, transformers

End-to-End Autonomous Mission Planning and Spacecraft Attitude Optimization for Resident Space Object Imaging
Atilla Saadat, Turion Space Corporation; Vince Chen, Turion Space Corporation; James Austin, Turion Space Corporation

Keywords: Space Situational Awareness, Space Domain Awareness, RSO Imaging, Spacecraft Attitude Optimization, Autonomous Mission Planning, On-Orbit Commissioning, Satellite Dynamics, Imaging Precision, Target Tracking, Collision Avoidance

Enhanced Process Noise Application in Estimation Filters for Cislunar Orbit Determination and Maneuver Detection
Charles J. Wetterer, KBR; Jason Baldwin, Complex Futures LLC; Paul Billings, KBR; Christopher Craft, KBR; Juan Gutierrez, KBR; John Gaebler, KBR; Micah Dilley, KBR; Jill Bruer, Air Force Research Laboratory

Keywords: cislunar, SSA/SDA, estimation, process noise, orbit determination, maneuver detection

Enhancing Ground-Based Cislunar SDA: Reducing Search Area for Monitoring Small-Maneuver Earth Return Trajectories Using Poincaré Maps
Connor Segal, EO Solutions & Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Kevin Schroeder, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Keywords: Cislunar Space, Poincaré Map, Persistent Monitoring, Space Domain Awareness, Search

Enhancing Space Safety and Security: GISTDA’s Integrated Approach to Space Situational Awareness and Traffic Management
Purin Tanirat, Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA); Sittiporn Channumsin, Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA); Suwat Sreesawet, Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA); Setthanun Thongsuwan, Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA); Keerati Puttasuwan, Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA); Phasawee Saingyen, Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA); Borirak Kitrattana, Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA); Yodyium Tipsuwan, Kasetsart University

Keywords: space situational awareness; SSA; space debris; orbit determination, STM, STC

EOSSA: Standardized Data Fields to Report Panchromatic, Multi-spectral, Spectroscopy, Polarimetry, and Spectropolarimetry Electro-Optical Data for Space Domain Awareness
Phillip Fishbein, Applied Optimization, Inc.; Tamara Payne, Altamira Technologies Corp.; Anil Chaudhary, Applied Optimization Inc.; Francis Chun, U.S. Air Force Academy; Timothy Giblin, i2 Strategic Services LLC; David Strong, Strong EO Imaging, Inc.; Charles J. Wetterer, KBR; Trenton Godar, United States Space Force; Veronica Wiley, United States Space Force

Keywords: Standardized fields, E-O data reporting, data pedigree, panchromatic, multi-spectral, spectroscopy, polarimetry, spectropolarimetry

Evaluating Maneuver Pattern of Life Violations using Unsupervised Learning and Object History
Mridul Songara, Digantara; Rithwik Neelakantan, Digantara; Latha Sridhar, Digantara; Sivalinga Raja Shanmugam, Digantara; Tanveer Ahmed, Digantara; Anirudh Sharma, Digantara

Keywords: Pattern of Life, Maneuver Pattern Violation, Residence Orbit Clustering, Maneuver Quantification

Evaluating Photometric Fingerprinting and Change Detection at Scale
Clarice Reid, Slingshot Aerospace; David Witman, Slingshot Aerospace; Timothy Olson, Slingshot Aerospace; Carl Steinhauser, Slingshot Aerospace; Aaron Pung, Slingshot Aerospace; Brian Williams, Slingshot Aerospace; Dylan Kesler, Slingshot Aerospace; Belinda Marchand, Slingshot Aerospace

Keywords: Light-curve Inversion, Fingerprinting, Attitude Change, Photometric Analysis, Machine Learning

Evaluation of Screening Volumes Used in Conjunction Assessment
Nicholas Ravago, Omitron, Inc.; Eliot Toumey, Omitron, Inc.; Luis Baars, Omitron Inc.; Matthew Hejduk, The Aerospace Corporation

Keywords: Conjunction Assessment, Screening Volumes

Event Camera Photometry for Non-Resolved Objects
Conor Benson, University of Colorado Boulder; Marcus Holzinger, University of Colorado Boulder

Keywords: event cameras, photometry, non-resolved object characterization

Expanding Pattern-of-Life Capabilities on Satellite Passive Radio Frequency Datasets
Harris Mohamed, Kratos

Keywords: RF, Pattern of Life, Anomaly Detection, SDA, multivariate, univariate

Genetic Algorithm-Driven Scheduling for Radar-Based Satellite Tracking
Kenny Andersson, Swedish Defence Research Agency; Tim Kinnunen, Swedish Defence Research Agency; Semeli Papadogiannakis, Swedish Defence Research Agency; Rolf Ragnarsson, Swedish Defence Research Agency

Keywords: Space situational awareness, Sensor planning, Optimization, Radar, Sensor resource allocation

Graph-Based Optimization for High-Density LEO Constellation Design
Naomi Owens-Fahrner, BAE Systems; Joshua Wysack, BAE Systems; Justin Kim, BAE Systems

Keywords: Space Traffic Management (STM), Space Situational Awareness (SSA), Conjunction Assessment, Orbital Slot Allocation, Collision Avoidance, Network Flow Optimization, Integer Programming, Spacecraft Trajectory Optimization

Harnessing High-Performance Computing in the Cloud for I-T Coupled Ensemble-Based Space Weather Data Assimilation
Rachel Stutz, Orion Space Solutions; Jeffrey Steward, Orion Space Solutions; Matthew Cooper, Orion Space Solutions; Connor Johnstone, Orion Space Solutions; Tristan Clark, Orion Space Solutions; John Noto, Orion Space Solutions; Anastasia Newheart, Orion Space Solutions; Junk Wilson, Orion Space Solutions; Geoff Crowley, Arcfield

Keywords: thermosphere, ionosphere, space weather, drag, data assimilation, HPC, high performance computing, ensemble, uncertainty

Hierarchical Neuro-Symbolic AI for Autonomous Spacecraft Maneuvering and Anomaly Detection
Allan Grosvenor, MSBAI; Abdul Wahab, MSBAI; Kyrylo Bohachov, MSBAI; Anton Zemlyansky, MSBAI; Ryland Adams, MSBAI; Dwyer Deighan, MSBAI

Keywords: autonomous systems, spacecraft control, anomaly detection, hierarchical AI, neuro-symbolic architecture, reinforcement learning, space situational awareness, space domain awareness, maneuver prediction, space traffic management

High-Precision Orbit Determination from Lunar Orbiter TTC Data Using a 12m Parabola Antenna Long Baseline Aperture Synthesis
Yuichiro Kitagawa, LSAS Tec; Guifre Molera Calves, HENSOLDT Australia & University of Tasmania; Koji Wakamori, LSAS Tec; Yosuke Yamamoto, LSAS Tec; Masahiro Yamatani, MCC Corporation

Keywords: Lunar orbit, Cislunar, Passive RF sensor, TDOA /FDOA, High Accuracy Orbit Determination

Human Factors in Space Operators-Leveraging Aviation Safety Frameworks for Enhanced Orbital Domain Resilience
Ruth Stilwell, Aerospace Policy Solutions, LLC; Kyle Quakenbush, MITRE; John Giles, Space Domain Strategies; Nathaniel Dailey, MITRE & Space Force Association

Keywords: Human Factors, Space Operations, Space Domain Awareness (SDA), Space Situational Awareness (SSA), Safety Management, Automation, Crew Resource Management (CRM), Threat and Error Management (TEM), Fatigue Risk Management (FRMS), Safety Reporting, Human-Aut

Hypothesis-Driven Sensor Tasking for Space Domain Awareness
Ofer Dagan, University of Colorado Boulder; Tyler Becker, University of Colorado Boulder; Zachary Sunberg, University of Colorado Boulder

Keywords: Hypothesis, Planning, POMDPs, Sensor Tasking

Imaging Hypersonic Plasma Signatures Using a Programmable Telescope and Video-Rate SWIR Multispectral Camera
Sarvesh Garimella, MyRadar; Douglas Franz, MyRadar; Scott Ferguson, Astronomy Live

Keywords: Hypersonic vehicles, plasma emissions, SWIR imaging, multispectral imaging, re-entry dynamics, high-speed aerodynamics

Improved Astrometry and Sensitivity for a Survey of Faint Geosynchronous Debris
James Blake, University of Warwick; Benjamin Cooke, University of Warwick; Grant Privett, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory; Toshifumi Yanagisawa, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; William Feline, Defence Science Technology Laboratory; Christopher Onken, Australian National University; Don Pollacco, University of Warwick; Paul Chote, University of Warwick; Tomoko Fujiwara, JAXA Bisei Space Guard Center; Daisuke Kuroda, JAXA Bisei Space Guard Center; Tokuhiro Nimura, JAXA Bisei Space Guard Center; Kota Nishiyama, JAXA Bisei Space Guard Center; Shin-ichiro Okumura, JAXA Bisei Space Guard Center; Seitaro Urakawa, JAXA Bisei Space Guard Center; Christian Wolf, Australian National University

Keywords: Geosynchronous Region, Space Debris, Optical Imaging, Astrometry, Object Detection, Blind Stacking, Light Curves

Infra-Red Sensor Technology Demonstrator System for Space Domain Awareness
Ingo Waldmann, Spaceflux; Marco Rocchetto, Spaceflux; Samuel Dal Dosso, Spaceflux; Marcel Debczynski, Spaceflux, A. Tsiaras, Spaceflux

Keywords: Daytime, SSA, SDA, characterisation, SWIR, infrared

Initial Orbit Determination from Ephemeris Models: Accurate Reconstruction of Maneuvering Cislunar Orbits Using Nonlinear Programming
Casey Heidrich, University of Colorado Boulder; Marcus Holzinger, University of Colorado Boulder

Keywords: Initial Orbit Determination, Astrodynamics, Maneuver Estimation, Optimization

Integrating AI in Space Operations: Spin Status Characterization and Initial Orbit Determination from Single Optical Tracks
Konstantinos Tsaprailis, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece & National Observatory of Athens; George Choumos, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece & National Observatory of Athens; Charalampos Kontoes, National Observatory of Athens; Vaios Lappas, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece

Keywords: Space Surveillance & Tracking, Artificial Intelligence, Initial Orbit Determination, Resident Space Object Characterization, Spin Status Estimation, Optical Observations, Tracking Data Message

Iridium’s Use of Mean Elements in Collision Assessment
Ryan Shepperd, Iridium; William Boyce III, Iridium

Keywords: Mean element sets, collision assessment, collision mitigation solution space

Is a Picture Worth 1000 Words: Characterization Potential of Commercial Non-Earth Imaging of Satellites
Thomas Cooley, Turion Space; Yu-Yen Chang, Turion Space; Ryan Westerdahl, Turion Space; Tyler Pierce, Turion Space; Alexander Rogers, Turion Space

Keywords: Non-Earth-Imaging, Satellite Characterization, Sensor Calibration

Issues with Satellite Collision Risk Aggregation
Hunter Morris, The Aerospace Corporation; Matthew Hejduk, The Aerospace Corporation; Lauri Newman, NASA

Keywords: conjunction assessment, risk aggregation

Joint Commercial Operations Common Communications Channel
James Tippets, The Tech7 Company LLC; Patrick Kitchens, Air Force Research Labs; David Stout, The Tech7 Company LLC; Lynnae Ferguson, BlueHalo LLC; Sarah Spillers, KBR Corp.; Jackson Jarvie, Parsons

Keywords: Commercial Operations, Global Communications, Cross-Culture Communications, SDA Coordination, Crew Coordination, Global Community

Large-Scale Data-Driven Comparison of Earthshine Model Effectiveness from Photometric Observations of Diverse LEO Satellites
Timothy Olson, Slingshot Aerospace; Clarice Reid, Slingshot Aerospace; Russ Johnson, Slingshot Aerospace; Jeff Shaddix, Slingshot Aerospace; Dylan Kesler, Slingshot Aerospace; Belinda Marchand, Slingshot Aerospace

Keywords: Earthshine, LEO, Optical Systems, Modeling, Data Analysis, Small Aperture, Wide Field of View Optical Systems, Machine Learning

Leveraging Astronomical Surveys for Space Debris Detection and Characterization: Application to VST/OmegaCAM
Elisabeth Rachith, EPFL; Stephan Hellmich, EPFL; Jean-Paul Kneib, EPFL

Keywords: Machine learning, astronomical surveys, streak detection, light curve analysis

Leveraging Unresolved Hyperspectral Signatures for Robust Deep Learning Classification of Geosynchronous Satellites
Jason Kirkendall, Rochester Institute of Technology; Bartosz Krawczyk, Rochester Institute of Technology; Francis Chun, U.S. Air Force Academy; Michael Gartley, Rochester Institute of Technology

Keywords: Machine Learning, Geosynchronous, Slitless Spectroscopy, Convolutional Neural Network

Luck Is a Skill: Optimizing for Serendipitous Observations with Global Boresight Tasking
Collin Phillips, Virginia Tech National Security Institute; Gavin Saul, Virginia Tech National Security Institute; Kevin Schroeder, Virginia Tech National Security Institute; Jonathan Kadan, Space Systems Command

Keywords: Space Domain Awareness, network, tasking, scheduling, dynamics model, search, maneuver detection, optimization

Machine Learning for Event-Based Vision Sensor Space Domain Awareness Object Tracking
Rachel Oliver, Air Force Institute of Technology; Michael Albert, University of Texas El Paso; Olac Fuentes, The University of Texas at El Paso; Dmitry Savransky, Cornell University

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Space Domain Awareness, Object Tracking, Event-based Vision Sensors, Space-based

Maritime Based Sensor Network for Persistent Monitoring of Resident Space Objects, Satellite Launches and Missile Launches
Matthew Bold, Lockheed Martin Space; Katie Lien, Lockheed Martin Space; Amy Cooprider, Lockheed Martin Space; Greg Madsen, Lockheed Martin Space; Dennis Shaw, Lockheed Martin Space; Kacem Ettahali, Lockheed Martin Space; Sarah Dillender, Lockheed Martin Space; Guy Chriqui, Lockheed Martin Space; James Mason, Lockheed Martin Space

Keywords: Persistent sensing, uncued detection, widefield of view sensing, launch tracking, maritime platforms, unattended platforms

Monitoring Satellites by Comparing Infrared Observations to a Multi-Component Thermal Model
Stephen Catsamas, The University of Melbourne; Sarah Caddy, The University of Melbourne; Michele Trenti, The University of Melbourne

Keywords: catagorization, infrared, classification, thermal, modelling, space telescope

Multi-Band Polarimetry for GEO Satellite Characterization
Takuro Tsuchikawa, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation; Takao Endo, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation

Keywords: GEO, satellite characterization, light curve, polarimetry, multi-band photometry

Multi-Order Single Shooting Scheme for Initial Orbit Determination for Cislunar Objects
Jonathon Hope, Pennsylvania State University; Puneet Singla, The Pennsylvania State University; Roshan Eapen, Pennsylvania State University; Peter Kent, Peraton; Michael Goodman, Peraton; Joseph Diamond, Peraton

Keywords: Cislunar, Astrodynamics, Orbit Determination, Multi-Order Shooting Correction Schemes, XGEO, SDA

Multi-Sensor Target Tracking using Track-Oriented Multiple Hypothesis Testing and Deep Learning
Joyce Mo, University of California, Berkeley and Princeton Satellite Systems; Michael Paluszek, Princeton Satellite Systems; Angela Kwon, Princeton University

Keywords: Autonomous spacecraft, machine learning, target tracking, object identification, multiple hypothesis testing, autonomy, statistics

NASA Conjunction Assessment Risk Analysis (CARA) Compendium for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Satellite Collision Avoidance
Alinda Mashiku, NASA; Lauri Newman, NASA; Dolan Highsmith, The Aerospace Corporation

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Neural Networks, Collision Avoidance, Decision Support, Risk Assessment

NASA’s Starling Mission and Space Situational Awareness Implications
Best Paper Award Winner 2025
Roger Hunter, NASA Ames Research Center; Elwood Agasid, NASA Ames Research Center; Samson Phan, NASA Ames Research Center; Nathan Benz, NASA Ames Research Center; Scott Miller, NASA Ames Research Center; Caleb Adams, NASA Ames Research Center; Brian Kempa, NASA Ames Research Center; Jeremy Frank, NASA Ames Research Center; Michael Iatauro, NASA Ames Research Center; Justin Kruger, EraDrive Inc.; Simone D'Amico, EraDrive Inc.; Julianna Fishman, Millenium Engineering & Integration Company; Sasha Weston, Millenium Engineering & Integration Company

Keywords: Small Spacecraft, PNT, SSA/SDA,

Near-Term Solar Proxy Forecasting for High-Precision Orbit Propagation Using Online Machine Learning
Fabio Chiappina, a.i. solutions; Katie Kosak, a.i. solutions; John Smigo III, a.i. solutions

Keywords: space weather, atmospherics, solar cycle, solar activity, solar, cycle, solar proxy, proxy, proxies, machine learning, online learning, ML, AI, AI/ML, LSTM, RNN, MLP, neural, network, neural network, Schatten, F10.7, Ap, Kp

Neural-Augmented Space Weather Forecasting for Uncertainty Propagation in LEO Conjunction Analysis
Saikat Majumder, Digantara; Archana Trivedi, Digantara; Bhanu Chandana, Digantara; Subramanian Arumugam, Digantara; Thamim Ansari, Digantara; Tanveer Ahmed, Digantara

Keywords: Space Weather, Uncertainty Quantification, Machine Learning, Satellite Drag, Orbit Prediction, Conjunction Assessment

Neutral Density Enhancements due to Space Weather Effects
Fred Herrero, Space Systems Research Corporation; Andrew Nicholas, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory; Daniel Perez, DP Consultants; Phillip Vu, OrboticSystems; Erik Long, OrboticSystems; Jane Ielmini, OrboticSystems

Keywords: WIND, Neutral Density, Wind Ion Neutral Density, Space Weather, Solar Flares, Conjunction Events, Space Weather Forecasting, Space Weather Modeling

Neutron-2: Advancing Space Weather Monitoring and Anomaly Detection with a Dual CubeSat System
Miguel Nunes, Hawaii Space Flight Laboratory; Piper Kline, Hawaii Space Flight Laboratory; Peter Englert, University of Hawaii at Manoa; Craig Hardgrove, Arizona State University; William Edmonson, University of Hawaii at Manoa; Scott Ginoza, Hawaii Space Flight Laboratory

Keywords: Neutron-2, CubeSat, space weather, neutron flux, space radiation, satellite protection, attitude formation, real-time monitoring, neutron detectors, space asset resilience.

New Twin Tube Telescope for Photometry of LEO Objects
Oleksandr (Alex) Kozhukhov, National Space Facilities Control and Test Center of State Space Agency of Ukraine; Viktor Kudak, Uzhhorod National University, Laboratory of Space Research; Vasyl Perig, Uzhhorod National University, Laboratory of Space Research; Nikolay Koshkin, Research Institute Astronomical Observatory of Odesa I.I. Mechnikov National University; Leonid Shakun, Research Institute Astronomical Observatory of Odesa I.I.Mechnikov National University

Keywords: Optical sensors, Photometry, Modeling

NICECube – Nitric Oxide Infrared Cooling Emissions Cubesat. A Cubesat Solution to Enable Accurate Thermospheric Density Forecasts for Improved Space Situational Awareness
Martin Mlynczak, Space Environment Technologies; W. Kent Tobiska, Space Environment Technologies; Shaylah Mutschler, Space Environment Technologies; Teresa Jensen, Space Dynamics Laboratory; Ryan Martineau, Space Dynamics Laboratory; Thomas Berger, University of Colorado Boulder; Nick Pedatella, National Center for Atmospheric Research; Eric Sutton, University of Colorado Boulder

Keywords: Space weather, space asset positions, space domain awareness, nitric oxide, cubesat, aerodynamic drag, thermosphere, geospace conditions, collision avoidance

NorthStar’s Fragmentation Analysis of the Intelsat 33e Breakup in GEO
Laura Pirovano, NorthStar Earth & Space; Yashica Khatri, NorthStar Earth & Space; Narendra Gollu, NorthStar Earth & Space; Matteo Budoni, NorthStar Earth & Space; Guillermo Escribano Blázquez, NorthStar Earth & Space

Keywords: Fragmentation event, Break-up, Cataloguing, IOD

Novel Algorithms for Custody Maintenance and Tracking in the Cislunar Environment
Matthew Givens, Advanced Space LLC; Alexandre Cortiella, Advanced Space LLC; Amanda Marlow, Advanced Space LLC; Veronica Rankowicz, Advanced Space LLC; Andrew Koehler, Advanced Space LLC; Aaron Liao, Advanced Space LLC; Justin Spurbeck, Advanced Space LLC; Charles Cain, Advanced Space LLC; Patrick Miga, Advanced Space LLC

Keywords: Space Domain Awareness, Cislunar, Uncertainty Management, Uncertainty Propagation, Sensor Tasking, Custody

Occultation Observations with Event-Based Vision Sensors
Rachel Oliver, Air Force Institute of Technology; Paul Rickershauser, Air Force Institute of Technology; Brian McReynolds, U.S. Air Force Academy

Keywords: Event-Based Sensors, Neuromorphic Sensors, Occultation, Dark Object Detection, Space Domain Awareness

On-Orbit Satellite Detection and Extraction in J Band Imagery
Grant Privett, Defence Science Technology Laboratory (Dstl); Calum Meredith, Defence Science Technology Laboratory (Dstl); Andy Winterbotham, Defence Science Technology Laboratory (Dstl); Jamie Symons, Defence Science Technology Laboratory (Dstl); Lauchie Scott, Defense R&D Canada; Allie Fawcett, Bornea Dynamics; Simon Lyddiatt, Bornea Dynamics; Ricky Gill, University of Manitoba; Brendan Doherty, University of Manitoba; Riley Sweeney, University of Manitoba; Philip Ferguson, University of Manitoba; Paul Harrison, Magellan Aerospace; Matthew Driedger, Magellan Aerospace; Vojtech Balaban, Magellan Aerospace

Keywords: Space to space, SDA, SWIR

Operational Photometry for SDA: Robust, Source-Agnostic, and Sim-to-Real Ready
Kimmy De Alba, Space Systems Command A&AS; Kevin Phan, EO Solutions; Alex Cabello, EO Solutions; Zach Gazak, Space Systems Command A&AS; Justin Fletcher, Space Systems Command A&AS

Keywords: Aperture Photometry, Machine Learning, Satellites, Stars, Autonomous Telescope Networks, Light Curves, Anomaly Detection

Optimal Tasking and Scheduling of Satellite Constellations for Space Situational Awareness
Best Student Paper Award Winner 2025
Allan Shtofenmakher, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Hamsa Balakrishnan, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Keywords: Space-Based Space Situational Awareness, Space-Based Optical Sensors, Sensor Tasking, Sensor Scheduling, Space Domain Awareness (SDA)

Optimizing Space Surveillance Capabilities: System Analysis and Competitive Procurement for PROVIDENCE’s 2.5m Telescope
Pierre-Louis Mayeur, DOTA, ONERA; Delphine Barbon-Dubosc, DOTA, ONERA; Stéphane Basa, UAR Pytheas - OHP, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille; Pierre-Eric Blanc, UAR Pytheas - OHP; Aurélie Bonnefois, DOTA, ONERA; Frederic Cassaing, DOTA, ONERA; François Dolon, UAR Pytheas - OHP; Marc Ferrari, UAR Pytheas - OHP, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille; Romain Fetick, DOTA, ONERA; Johan Floriot, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille; Yves-Michel Frédéric, DOTA, ONERA; Laurent Hespel, DOTA, ONERA; Julien Houy, DOTA, ONERA; Gillian Leplat, DOTA, ONERA; Vincent Michau, DOTA, ONERA; Cyril Petit, DOTA, ONERA; Jean-François Sauvage, DOTA, ONERA; Ugo Tricoli, DOTA, ONERA; Axel Vincent-Randonnier, DOTA, ONERA; Nicolas Vedrenne, DOTA, ONERA; Thierry Fusco, DOTA, ONERA

Keywords: Adaptive Optics, Optical Ground Station, Telescope, satellite imaging, LEO, GEO, SDA

Orbital State Recommender Validation for Space Battle Management Applications
Oliver Schultz, Lockheed Martin; Joseph Brink, Lockheed Martin; Mark Williams, Lockheed Martin

Keywords: Orbital State Recommender, Source Selection, Automation, Space Battle Management, Space BMC3

Panopticon: A Low-SWaPC Wide Field of View Sensor for Enhanced Space Domain Awareness
Nathan Toner, Cloudstone Innovations; Dominic Manzano, Cloudstone Innovations; David Moore, Cloudstone Innovations; Alexander Vlasse, Cloudstone Innovations; C. Channing Chow II, Cloudstone Innovations

Keywords: low-swap, autonomous, wide field of view, surveillance, electro-optical

Pattern of Life Analysis Real-time Identification System (POLARIS)
Tamara Payne, Altamira Technologies Corp.; Heath Knickerbocker, Altamira Technologies Corp.; Joshua Niles, Altamira Technologies Corp.; Emily Salisbury, Altamira Technologies Corp.; James Eldridge, Altamira Technologies Corp.; Jordan Wagner, Altamira Technologies Corp.; Douglas Hensley, Altamira Technologies Corp.

Keywords: pattern of life, satellite characterization, photometric signatures, maneuver detection, sensor data fusion

Preliminary Simulation Results of Spaceborne SSA Using Large-scale Passive Radars
Chinmay Gaikwad, Embry- Riddle Aeronautical University; Filipe Senra, Embry- Riddle Aeronautical University; Hao Peng, Embry- Riddle Aeronautical University

Keywords: Space Situational Awareness, LEO , Mega-constellations, OD, Space Surveillance and Tracking

Probabilistic Multi-Agent Data Fusion for Reliable Conjunction Assessment and Enhanced Decision-Making
Ankit Agrawal, Digantara; Thamim Ansari, Digantara

Keywords: Conjunction assessment, Data fusion, Bayesian inference, Space traffic management, Space situational awareness

Prototype Development of Web AI-Based Decision Support System: Insights and Recommendations for Satellite Anomaly Identification
Abdul Mutholib, International Islamic University, Malaysia; Nadirah Abdul Rahim, International Islamic University, Malaysia; Teddy Surya Gunawan, International Islamic University, Malaysia

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), Decision Support System, Satellite anomalies, Space situational awareness (SSA), Trade Space Exploration, Seradata

Quasi-Zenith Satellite System Hosted Payload (QZSS-HP): Pathfinder to Space Domain Awareness (SDA) Partnerships
Sophia McCollum, USSF Space Systems Command; Brandon Hammond, USSF Space Systems Command; Brynn Feighery, USSF Space Systems Command

Keywords: Space Domain Awareness, Hosted Payload, International Partnership

Rapid Classification of near-Earth and Cislunar Objects using Electro-Optical Observations
Joseph Diamond, Peraton; Michael Goodman, Peraton; Peter Kent, Peraton; Stephen Sawyer, Peraton; Sasidhar Devabhaktuni, Pennsylvania State University; Roshan Eapen, Pennsylvania State University; Jonathon Hope, Pennsylvania State University; Puneet Singla, Pennsylvania State University

Keywords: Peraton, Penn State, PSU, Lockheed, FireOPAL, Cislunar, xGEO, IOD, Classification

Rapid Deployment, Calibration, and Training of Optical Observatories for Space Domain Awareness
Zach Gazak, Space Systems Command A&AS; Ryan Swindle, Space Systems Command A&AS; Sierra Morales, University of Hawaii at Manoa; Matthew Phelps, Space Systems Command A&AS; Kevin Iott, PlaneWave Instruments; Eric Blackhurst, Planewave Instruments; Justin Fletcher, Space Systems Command A&AS

Keywords: star detection, neural networks, robotic observatories, deep learning, machine learning

Rapid Tracking and Cataloguing Fragmentation in Orbit Using Three Telescopes: The Intelsat 33E Case
Manuel Pavy, CNES; Valentin Baral, CNES; Emmanuel Delande, CNES; Yvan Gary, CNES; Pascal Richard, CNES; Raphel Ferme, CS Group

Keywords: break-up, fragmentation, cataloguing, telescopes, correlation, filter,

Rapid Tracking, Characterization, and Cataloguing of Multi-Payload Launches to Low Earth Orbit
Max Geissbuhler, Slingshot Aerospace; Nicholas Noyes, Slingshot Aerospace; Jesse Gutknecht, Slingshot Aerospace; Tyler Mancini, Slingshot Aerospace; Jeffrey Shaddix, Slingshot Aerospace; Belinda Marchand, Slingshot Aerospace

Keywords: Launch tracking, LEOP, framework, rideshare, multi-payload launch, characterization, cataloguing, insights, optical fence

Real-Time AI Video Processing for Single-Shot RSO Detection, Classification, and Localization via Ellipse Regression
Matt Brown, Rocket Lab; William Bidle, Rocket Lab; D. Brandon Knape, Rocket Lab; Brandon Whitchurch, Rocket Lab; Skip Williams, Rocket Lab

Keywords: Machine Learning, Deep Neural Network, SDA, Detection, Classification, RSO, Ellipse

Real-Time Airglow Detection Using Hierarchical Machine Learning Models
Ryan Jochims, University of Houston; Mike Bastidas, University of Houston; Samantha Gurney, University of Houston

Keywords: Optics, Machine Learning, Convoluted Neural Network, Airglow detection, real-time imaging, gravity waves, atmospheric monitoring, all-sky imaging, autonomous optical systems, HAARP, Poker Flat Research Range, remote sensing, space weather, aeronomy

Real-Time Pose and Dynamics Estimation of Non-Cooperative RSOs using Flash LiDAR for Autonomous Rendezvous and Docking
Ricardo Delgadillo, Advanced Scientific Concepts LLC; Robert Stevenson-Karl, Advanced Scientific Concepts LLC; Roger Stettner, Advanced Scientific Concepts LLC; Lane Fuller, Advanced Scientific Concepts LLC; Bruce Anderson, Advanced Scientific Concepts LLC; Michael Dahlin, Advanced Scientific Concepts LLC

Keywords: Flash LiDAR, Resident Space Object, RSO, Space Domain Awareness, Rendezvous, Docking, Satellite, Servicing, Trajectory Estimation, Simulation, Point Cloud, Predictive Modeling

Reinforcement Learning for Space-to-Space Surveillance: Autonomous Scheduling for Resident Space Object Imaging
Daniel Huterer Prats, University of Colorado Boulder; Hanspeter Schaub, University of Colorado Boulder; Chris Wheeler, Interactive Aptitude

Keywords: Space Situational Awareness, Space Domain Awareness, Reinforcement Learning, Autonomy, Scheduling, Space-to-Space Surveillance

Remotely Monitoring the Activity of Satellites from Thermal Infrared Imaging
Sarah Caddy, The University of Melbourne; Stephen Catsamas, The University of Melbourne; Michele Trenti, The University of Melbourne; Miguel Ortiz del Castillo, The University of Melbourne; Airlie Chapman, The University of Melbourne; Robert Mearns, The University of Melbourne

Keywords: Infrared, Thermal, Imaging, Characterization, Geostationary

Removing Bias in Atmospheric Density Modeling for Reducing Propagation Error
Jordan Murphy, Slingshot Aerospace; Conner Grey, Slingshot Aerospace; Jason Stauch, Slingshot Aerospace; Navraj Singh, Slingshot Aerospace; Jeffrey Shaddix, Slingshot Aerospace; Belinda Marchand, Slingshot Aerospace

Keywords: Space Weather, Drag Modeling, Scientific Machine Learning, Compressive Sensing

Safe, Autonomous Multi-Agent Inspection of Space Objects Leveraging Relative Orbit Dynamics
Mark Stephenson, University of Colorado Boulder; Hanspeter Schaub, University of Colorado Boulder

Keywords: inspection, reinforcement learning, multi-agent, autonomy, rpo

Satellite Debris Classification Framework: Using Graph Neural Networks for Explosion and Collision Event Characterization
Bhargav Joshi, Digantara; Subramanian Arumugam, Digantara; Siri, L., Digantara; Thamim Ansari, Digantara; Tanveer Ahmed, Digantara

Keywords: SSA, SDA, Breakup Events, Space Debris, AI, Graph Neural Networks (GNN)

Satellite Monitoring and Characterization with Kinematic Doppler Residuals
Shriharsh Tendulkar, LeoLabs; Darren McKnight, LeoLabs; Benedikt Reihs, LeoLabs; Harry She, LeoLabs; Erin Dale, LeoLabs

Keywords: Machine learning, object typing, classification, clustering, LEO, ground-based radar network, object characterization, Space Domain Awareness, Space Situational Awareness, LeoLabs, Radar, S-Band, Maneuverability, Artificial intelligence, Doppler, Residual

Science and Modelling of the ESA Salsa Satellite Re-Entry Captured During Airborne Observation
Jiri Silha, Comenius University Bratislava; Daniela Bartková, Comenius University Bratislava; Juraj Toth, Comenius University Bratislava; Tomáš Paulech, Comenius University Bratislava; Matej Zigo, Astros Solutions s.r.o.; Tobias Lips, Hyperschall Technologie Göttingen GmbH; Patrik Kärräng, Hyperschall Technologie Göttingen GmbH; Stefan Loehle, Institute for Space Systems, University of Stuttgart; Clemens Müller, Institute for Space Systems, University of Stuttgart; Fabian Zander, University of Southern Queensland; Byrenn Birch, University of Southern Queensland; Ranjith Ravichandran, University of Southern Queensland; Gerard Armstrong, University of Southern Queensland; Beatriz Jilete, GMV for ESA (Space Safety Programme/Space Debris Office); Stijn Lemmens, ESA/ESOC Space Debris Office

Keywords: re-entry, airborn, observation, modeling

SDA with the PTD-R and GEOstare SV2 Nano-Satellites
Willem de Vries, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Nathan Golovich, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; J. Luc Peterson, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Phillip Rittmuller, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Lance Simms, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Jordan Smilo, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Kelsey Tresemer, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Peter Waswa, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Talin Guliani, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley; Rishay Jain, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley; Ziad Ramadan, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley; Emily Milne, Terran Orbital Corporation; Brendan Smith, Terran Orbital Corporation; Michael Higgins, Terran Orbital Corporation; Luis Andrade, Terran Orbital Corporation; Declan King, Terran Orbital Corporation; Courtney Melville, Terran Orbital Corporation; Ryan Downs, Terran Orbital Corporation; Shawn Joseph, Terran Orbital Corporation; Kyle Kung, Terran Orbital Corporation; Christopher Laurent, Terran Orbital Corporation

Keywords: Space-based optical, Ultra-violet, short-wave infrared, space domain awareness, GEO tracking

Simultaneous Orbital and Physical Property Estimation for Space Domain Awareness Using Augmented State Estimation Filtering
Jeremy Correa, Katalyst Space Technologies; William Oldroyd, Katalyst Space Technologies; Jeff Uyekawa, Katalyst Space Technologies

Keywords: SDA, Rendering, GPU, Optics, Imagery, SNR

Single Observation Orbit Determination for Periodic Cislunar Orbits via Parameterization
Sam Wishnek, BAE Systems; Scott Nonweiler, BAE Systems; Luke Tafur, BAE Systems

Keywords: Cislunar, parameterization, orbit determination, angles-only

Socio-Technical Configuration Analysis of Space Objects for Enhanced Space Domain Awareness
Tiffany Phan, University of Texas at Austin; Moriba Jah, University of Texas at Austin

Keywords: machine learning, natural language processing, socio-technical configuration analysis, data fusion, zero-shot classification, retrieval-augmented generation

Solaris-5 a New 1-Meter Wide Field of View Optical Space Surveillance Sensor
Beata Konacka, Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences; Maciej Konacki, Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences

Keywords: optical sensors, wide field of view, 1-meter class telescopes, sCMOS cameras

Soliton-Soliton Interactions as a Mechanism for Detecting Sub-Centimeter Orbital Debris
Victor Bucklew, L3Harris; Joe Dodd, L3Harris; Jim Drakes, L3Harris; Donna Kocak, L3Harris

Keywords: Space debris, sensors, plasma, precursor solitons, debris detection technique

Space Traffic Management Performance for Large Constellations – A Self-reporting Aggregated Realized Risk Approach from the OneWeb Constellation
Pablo Minguijon Pallas, Eutelsat Group; Calum Hervieu, Eutelsat Group; Ignacio Dominguez-Adame Palomo, Eutelsat Group

Keywords: Space Traffic Management, Conjunction, COLA, Collision Avoidance, Big Data, Large Constellations, OneWeb, Aggregated Risk, Realized Risk,

Spectral Radiance Characterization of Starlink and Other Satellites for Terrestrial Optical Navigation
Jake Singh, Rhea Space Activity; Joshua Baumann, Rhea Space Activity; Matthew Gorban, Rhea Space Activity; Christopher Dinelli, Rhea Space Activity; Eileen Ryan, New Mexico Tech/MRO; William Ryan, New Mexico Tech/MRO

Keywords: Satellite spectral radiance, optical navigation, optical filtering, Starlink

Strategic Satellite Custody Maintenance with AlphaZero
Tyler Becker, University of Colorado Boulder; Zachary Sunberg, University of Colorado Boulder

Keywords: Game theory, adversarial, custody maintenance, AlphaZero, deep learning, reinforcement learning, Monte Carlo tree search, pursuit-evasion

SWFCast: Fusing Foundation Models and Diverse Data to Forecast Space Weather
Jeremy Bundgaard, Booz Allen Hamilton; Stephen Gerrells, Booz Allen Hamilton; Derek Doyle, Booz Allen Hamilton; Matthew Shouppe, Booz Allen Hamilton

Keywords: AI/ML, ML, foundation model, vision transformer, multimodal, ensemble, MLOps, SBM, Space Weather

Telescope Observation Campaign of ADRAS-J Rendezvous and Proximity Operations
Aleksander Lidtke, Astroscale Holdings Inc.; Mike Lindsay, Astroscale Holdings Inc.; Sho Fujita, Astroscale Holdings Inc.; Max Geissbuhler, Slingshot Aerospace; Hisashi Inoue, Astroscale Japan; Eijiro Atarashi, Astroscale Japan

Keywords: RPO, debris removal, ground-based electro-optical, RPO sensor, assessment

The February 2025 re-entry event over Poland
Mikolaj Kruzynski, Polish Space Agency; Tomasz Zubowicz, Polish Space Agency; Krzysztof Arminski, Polish Space Agency; Mikolaj Karawacki, Polish Space Agency; Marcin Teofilewicz, Polish Space Agency; Edwin Wnuk, Polish Space Agency; Zygmunt Aniol, Polish Space Agency; Tymoteusz Trocki, Polish Space Agency

Keywords: re-entry

The Importance of Differentiating Between Measurements, Estimates, and Validated Hypotheses Generated from Imagers, Photon Counters, and Event-Based Sensors
Mark Bolden, Trusted Space, Inc.; Sydney Bonbrest, Trusted Space, Inc.; Islam Hussein, Trusted Space, Inc.; Holly Borowski, Trusted Space, Inc.; Erin Griggs, Trusted Space, Inc.; Bradford Tousley, Trusted Space, Inc.; Thomas Kubancik, Trusted Space, Inc.; Mathew Sandnas, Trusted Space, Inc.; Tim Craychee, Trusted Space, Inc.; Ryan Ross, Trusted Space, Inc.

Keywords: electro-optical systems, multi-hypothesis velocity, event based sensors, photon counting arrays, uncertainty management, hypothesis management, orbit determination

The Model Constrained Unscented Transform for LEO Propagation
Thomas Dearing, ARKA Group; Isaiah Owsley, ARKA Group; Piyush Mehta, West Virginia University

Keywords: Astrodynamics, Unscented Transform, Constraints, Unscented Kalman Filtering

Theoretical and Empirical Models for Predicting Radiometric Performance of Event Cameras
Benjamin Schmachtenberger, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Colorado Boulder; Zach Watson, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Conor Benson, University of Colorado Boulder; Marcus Holzinger, University of Colorado Boulder

Keywords: Event Camera, Performance Model, Photonics, Remote Sensing, Space Situational Awareness

Thermospheric Density Prediction and Uncertainty Quantification through Generative AI-based Architectures
Bhargav Joshi, Digantara; Saikat Majumder, Digantara; Thamim Ansari, Digantara; Tanveer Ahmed, Digantara

Keywords: SSA, Space Weather, Generative AI, Diffusion Model

Toward an On-Orbit Reference Network for Enhanced Ephemeris Quality Testing in Low Earth Orbit
Santosh Bhattarai, University College London; Charles Constant, University College London; Felicia Peto-Madew, University College London

Keywords: orbit validation, benchmark datasets, precise orbit determination

Toward Integration of Large Language Models for Command and Control in Space Domain Awareness
Enrique De Alba, EO Solutions; Alexander Cabello, EO Solutions; Garrett Fitzgerald, EO Solutions; Zach Gazak, Space Systems Command A&AS; Justin Fletcher, Space Systems Command A&AS

Keywords: Large Language Models, Space Domain Awareness, Command and Control, Human-Machine Teaming, Natural Language Processing, Sensor Networks, On-premises AI

Towards an AI-enabled Space Battle Management System on Space Protocol’s Quantum Resilient Blockchain
Yasir Latif, Space Protocol; Samya Bagchi, Space Protocol; Latha Madhuri Pratti, Space Protocol; Harvey Reed, MITRE; Ruth Stilwell, Aerospace Policy Solutions, LLC; Greg Furlich, University of Colorado Boulder

Keywords: SDA, Reinforcement Learning, Agent AI, Battle Management Software, SDA TAP Lab

Towards Greater Transparency: An Independent Method for Assessing Harmful Interference and Compliance in GEO
Apoorva T Karra, The University of Texas at Austin; Moriba Jah, The University of Texas at Austin

Keywords: harmful interference, radio frequency, itu, satellite, compliance, accountability, transparency, space sustainability, space domain awareness, space jamming

Tracking Small Debris Using Probabilistic Methods
Matthew Popplewell, Advanced Space; Matthew Givens, Advanced Space; Frank Centinello, Advanced Space; Michael Caudill, Advanced Space; Benjamin Tatman, Advanced Space; Nathan Parrish Ré, Advanced Space

Keywords: orbit determination, space debris, astrodynamics, optical, radar

Uncertainty-Aware Physics-Informed Machine Learning (PIML) for Cislunar Orbit Determination
Gregory Badura, Georgia Tech Research Institute; Ebenezer Arunkumar, Georgia Tech Research Institute; Miguel Velez-Reyes, The University of Texas at El Paso; Brian Gunter, Georgia Institute of Technology; Koki Ho, Georgia Institute of Technology

Keywords: Machine Learning, Orbit Determination, Angles-Only, Cislunar, Physics Informed Machine Learning

Uncorrelated Track (UCT) Processing: Establishing Efficient Algorithmic Treatment and Benchmarking Best Practices for Space Domain Awareness (SDA)
Filippo Fonseca, Yale University; Owen Pinhasi, Yale University; Zachary Zitzewitz, Yale University

Keywords: sda, space-domain-awareness, uct, algorithm, algorithmic-development, uct-processing, benchmarking, performance, satellite, satellites, orbit, orbital-analysis, tracking

Unlocking Accurate Photometric Reconstruction of Dim, Unresolved Point Source Objects with an Event-based Vision Sensor
Brian McReynolds, U.S. Air Force Academy; Rachel Oliver, Air Force Institute of Technology; Peter McMahon-Crabtree, AFRL Space Vehicles Directorate; Zachry Theis, AFRL Space Vehicles Directorate; Tobi Delbruck, Institute of Neuroinformatics, UZH/ETH Zurich

Keywords: Event-based, Neuromorphic, SDA, Photometric reconstruction

Unsupervised Metric Learning for Satellite Attitude Estimation
Jun Yoshida, NEC Corporation; Taichiro Sano, NEC Corporation; Katsuaki Taya, NEC Corporation; Daiki Mori, NEC Corporation; Moe Otagiri, NEC Corporation

Keywords: Unsupervised learning, Anomaly detection, Satellite attitude estimation, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), Space Situational Awareness (SSA), Space Domain Awareness (SDA), Machine Learning.

Use of Astronomical Photometric Methods for SDA EO System Optimization
Vincent Vella, InTrack Radar Technologies

Keywords: Photometry, GAIA, Astrometry, Enclosed Energy, PSF, Performance, SDA, Optical Distortion, Zero Point, Etendue, Calibrations

USKF for Robust Orbit Determination via Data Fusion and Covariance Realism for LEO Spacecrafts
Oscar Rodriguez Fernandez, OKAPI:Orbits GmbH; Adrian Diez Martin, OKAPI:Orbits GmbH; Njord Eggen, OKAPI:Orbits GmbH; Christopher Kebschull, OKAPI:Orbits GmbH; Alex Bush, OKAPI:Orbits GmbH

Keywords: SSA, SST, KF, OD, Orbit Determination, Kalman Filter, Covariance realism,

Utilizing Civilian Launches as Live Exercises for Evaluating a Federated Protect and Defend SDA Battle Management System
Greg Furlich, University of Colorado Boulder; Angie Crews, University of Colorado Boulder; Steve Rossland, University of Colorado Boulder; John Marino, University of Colorado Boulder; Anthony Mayo, Millennial Software; Douglas Kim, SpaceMap; Peter Ryu, SpaceMap; Chris Tschan, Data Fusion & Neural Networks; Max Brown, Data Fusion & Neural Networks; Ethan Crawford, Data Fusion & Neural Networks; Matthew Leonard, Aloha Autonomy; Rithwik Neelakantan, Digantara; Sheena L. Winder, Kall Morris Inc.; Jack McGuigan, Observable Space; Jesse Williams, GTC Analytics; Brian Goodwin, RAIC Labs; Jubilee Prasad Rao, R4C Tech; Jimson Huang, Purdue University; Sean Ruda, Purdue University; Jack Al-Kahwati, Stardrive Inc.; Yasir Latif, Space Protocol; Samya Bagchi, Space Protocol; Latha Madhuri Pratti, Space Protocol; Cindy Chin, Planetary Systems AI; Mack Reed, Planetary Systems AI; Samantha Louque, Virginia Tech Applied Research Center; Melissa Hills, Virginia Tech Applied Research Center; Dan Pribulick, ICR; Major Travis Pond, SDA Tools, Applications, Processing Lab, SSC, USSF; Scott Brodeur, SDA Tools, Applications, Processing Lab, SSC, USSF; David Kurtenbach, SDA Tools, Applications, Processing Lab, SSC, USSF; Roger Altobelli, SDA Tools, Applications, Processing Lab, SSC, USSF

Keywords: Mission Data Processing; Data Handling; State Estimation; Command and Control (C2); Camouflage, Concealment, Deception, and Maneuver (CCDM); Hostility Assessment; and Response Recommendation

Validation Methodology for TraCSS Conjunction Assessment
Kerstyn Auman, The Aerospace Corporation; Timothy S. Murphy, The Aerospace Corporation; Eric George, The Aerospace Corporation; Patrick Kelly, The Aerospace Corporation; Carson Coursey, The Aerospace Corporation; David Goldstein, SpaceX; Ian Ruh, SpaceX; Kate Hymes, SpaceX

Keywords: Space Situational Awareness,SSA,Conjunction Assessment,Collision Avoidance,CA,conjunction screening,validation,algorithm,Office of Space Commerce,OSC,Traffic Coordination System for Space,TraCSS,SpaceX

Verification and Validation of Orbital Capacity Assessment Tools of Varying Fidelities
Indigo Brownhall, University College London; Miles Lifson, The Aerospace Corporation; Giovanni Lavezzi, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Enrico Zucchelli, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Mark Moretto, North Carolina State University; Santosh Bhattarai, University College London; Richard Linares, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Keywords: Space Debris Modelling, Sustainability, LEO, Space Policy

Visibility Informed Covariance Analysis for Cislunar Periodic Orbits
Evangelina Evans, University of Colorado Boulder; Marcus Holzinger, University of Colorado Boulder; Daniel Scheeres, University of Colorado Boulder

Keywords: cislunar, covariance analysis, visibility

Wide Field Telescope for Laser Illumination Avoidance and SSA Operations
Kevin Jim, Oceanit; Michael Hoenig, Oceanit; Allister Knox, Oceanit; Edward Pier, Oceanit; Zachary Stoecker-Sylvia, Oceanit; Sarah Tran, Oceanit

Keywords: Wide field optics, laser avoidance, infrared, atmospheric characterization

XGEOSTARE: Extensible GEO Space-based Telescopes for Actionable Refinement of Ephemeris
Nathan Golovich, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Robert Armstrong, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Alex Geringer-Sameth, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Benjamin Bahney, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Gary Li, Impulse Space Inc.

Keywords: Space-based SDA, Autonomous satellite constellation, On-board computing, Orbit simulation