John Boh, The University of Texas at Austin; Zachary Funke, AFIT/CIG; Maruthi Akella, The University of Texas at Austin
Keywords: Cislunar Space, Space Situational Awareness, Space Domain Awareness, Orbital Surveillance, Game Theory, Detection Likelihood, Satellite Maneuvering, Minimum-ΔV Transfers, CR3BP, Space Security, Lunar Operations, Space Traffic Management
Abstract:
Cislunar space is emerging as a critical domain for strategic, scientific, and economic activity. This paper presents a game-theoretical approach to optimizing space situational awareness (SSA) strategies in a contested environment, focusing on L1 and L2 halo orbits. Using a two-player adversarial model, we simulate interactions between competing teams deploying heterogeneous spacecraft: Watchers, Seekers, and Legacy spacecraft, each with distinct capabilities and limitations. The game’s objective is to maximize detection, identification, and characterization of opponent assets while minimizing exposure to adversarial surveillance, all while operating within a fixed budget.
To model strategic decision-making under uncertainty, we apply a Bayesian game framework, incorporating adversarial reasoning and observational uncertainty. Key mechanics such as sensor-driven detection likelihood, maneuver-based evasion, and communication-enabled orbit determination are considered alongside resource constraints such as propulsion $Delta V$ and mission budgets. Additionally, we employ an integration constants approach for optimal path planning, enabling efficient transfers and maneuver strategies within the Earth-Moon L1/L2 environment.
This research advances SSA methodologies by applying Bayesian game theory to the cislunar domain, demonstrating how adversarial interactions shape optimal observation and maneuver strategies. The results provide insight into optimal deployment strategies for periodic and quasi-periodic halo orbits, informing system requirements, architecture design, and sensitivity analysis. By treating SSA as a strategic decision-making problem, this work offers a novel framework for ensuring robust space asset deployment in competitive and uncertain adversary environments.
Date of Conference: September 16-19, 2025
Track: Cislunar SDA